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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



PHYSICAL WORK 



Management and Methods 



Compiled by a Special Committee of the 

Physical Directors' Society of the Young 

Men's Christian Association of 

North America 



Edited by 

GEORGE J. FISHER, M.D., M.P.E. 

and 

MARTIN I. FOSS, B.P.E. 



Association $re£s 

New York: 124 East 28th Street 

London: 47 Paternoster Row, E. C. 

1913 






Copyright, 1913 

BY 

The International Committee of 
Young Men's Christian Associations 



f6)ci.A3 5 044 7 



PREFACE 

The physical directorship of the Young Men's 
Christian Association is a profession that has made 
unusually rapid progress. It is becoming more and 
more technical and constantly enlarging, both in 
breadth and depth. 

The moderii spacious buildings with their splendid 
equipment are attracting a steadily increasing mem- 
bership of boys and men. Directors with large 
executive ability as well as thorough technical training 
are needed to conduct the right kind of work in these 
buildings. Then, too, the physical director of the 
modern Young's Men's Christian Association finds 
himself related to the various civic organizations that 
promote the construction of parks and playgrounds; 
to the physicians, who are among the first to advocate 
all movements for prevention of illness; to the 
municipal organizations, whose duty it is to preserve 
the public health, and to the religious and philan- 
thropic societies, which aim to improve the moral 
and religious conditions. 

In order that the most approved and up-to-date 
methods that have been learned in the school of 
experience, and certain underlying fundamental prin- 
ciples upon which the physical work of the Young 
Mens Christian Association rests, may be available 
in concrete form to the men in the profession and to 
such as may look forward to the work, the Physical 
Directors' Society has created a special committee to 
collect and compile the data herein contained. 

iii 



iv PREFACE 

To the many men who have given much time and 
thought in preparing special articles, and to others 
who have given most helpful criticism, we would pay 
a tribute of grateful acknowledgment. George J. 
Fisher, M.D., M.P.E., George F. Poole, M.D., M.P.E., 
George M. Martin, Louis R. Welzmeller, M.D., 
M.P.E., John H. Scott, B.P.E., and William H. Ball, 
M.P.E., have been especially helpful; while a score 
of others, both in and out of our work, have given 
valuable counsel, all of which has enabled us to 
prepare this work which we sincerely hope may yield 
large returns in unifying, broadening and increasing 
the efficiency both of the workers and the work. 

Martin I. Foss, B.P.E., Chairman, 
James H. McCurdy, M.D., M.P.E., M.A., 
Henry F. Kallenberg, M.D., 
Albert B. Wegener, B.P.E., 
Harvey I. Allen, 
William Y. Reithard, 

Committee on Handbook. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

I. A Brief History of the Physical Work of 
the Young Men's Christian Association 



II. The Physical Director 

III. Physical Department Equipment . 

IV. Organization of the Physical Department 

V. Business Methods in the Physical Depart 
ment ...... 



VI. Advertising 



VII. Medical Examinations and the Medical 
Staff . 



VIII. Class Organization .... 

IX. Recreation and Athletic Competition . 

X. Physical Department Exhibitions and 
Entertainments .... 

XI. Educational Work .... 

XII. Organization of the Religious Work . 

XIII. Summer Activities .... 

XIV. Extension Work 

XV. How to Study a Field .... 

XVI. Physical Training in Rural Communities 

XVII. General Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion Organizations .... 



i 

12 

34 
4i 

53 
76 

84 

89 

100 

107 

115 
122 
126 
132 
141 
150 

161 



XVIII. Agencies with which the Young Men's 
Christian Association Can Cooperate 
Through Physical Department . .171 



vi CONTENTS 

PAGE 

XIX. Kindred Organizations — National . . 107 

XX. Conclusion 180 

Appendix. Reading Course and Physical 
Training Literature . . . .186 

Index ....... 197 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL WORK 
OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- 
CIATION 

The Young Men's Christian Association was origi- 
nated in London, England, by Sir George Williams 
in the year 1844. He was engaged in the dry goods 
business, and was much concerned that young men 
in that particular line of work should have opportunity 
for social fellowship and an incentive to spiritual 
growth and development. Thus the Association was 
originally simple in its form of organization and largely 
limited to men in a specific pursuit. The first seven 
years were given largely to distinctive forms of reli- 
gious work. In 1848 a library was opened, and dur- 
ing 1850 some of the simpler forms of education were 
attempted. In 1848 the Association secured rooms 
which were open day and night, and these became a 
social rendezvous for young men. 

In 1 85 1 the first Association in America was estab- 
lished at Montreal and at Boston a few weeks later. 
The early Association in America was similar to the 
London movement in the character of its activities. 

The first mention of the physical department was 
made in the convention of 1856. The Brooklyn Asso- 
ciation had been discussing the wisdom of adding some 
forms of physical activity, and a representative from 
that city introduced a recommendation endorsing 
the establishment of gymnasiums and baths, but the 



2 PHYSICAL WORK 

convention tabled the resolution. During the next 
half decade several Associations attempted to intro- 
duce some forms of physical training. Sentiment 
continued to grow more favorable toward this type 
of work, and at the convention held in New Orleans 
in i860 a resolution favorable to the establishment of 
gymnasiums as "a safeguard against the allurements 
of objectionable places of resort, " was unanimously 
adopted. 

The Civil War for several years engaged the atten- 
tion of the country and consequently no progress was 
made in the promotion of the physical department. 
The convention of 1864 again was urged to consider 
this phase of activity. In 1865 Mr. Robert McBurney 
of the Twenty-third Street, New York, Association 
included a physical department in the plans of the 
proposed new building. 

In 1866 the constitution of the New York City 
Association was changed to read, "The object of this 
Association shall be the improvement of the spiritual, 
mental, social and physical condition of young men." 
Thus the distinctive four-fold work of the Association 
was formulated. 

In 1869, three new buildings were erected — in San 
Francisco, Cal., New York City and Washington, 
D. C, in the order named — containing gymnasiums 
and baths and represented new types of Association 
architecture and new methods of serving men and 
boys. 

The physical work in New York City proved exceed- 
ingly attractive from the start, and hence became 
permanent. This experience was quite general, though 
some Associations at first reported failure. Failure 



HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 3 

was due fundamentally to the fact that supervision of 
the physical work was difficult to obtain, and adequate 
supervision is particularly essential to the success of 
the work. 

The physical department in the North American 
movement reveals at least four distinctive periods in 
its development. First, the period of introduction. 
This was the period just recorded and extended prac- 
tically from 1870 to 1885. Opposition was met from 
many sources. The work was misunderstood and at 
best was considered more largely as an asset for secur- 
ing members and as a means of counteracting evil 
resorts, rather than as a worthy factor in itself in 
the development of Christian manhood. During this 
period the Association was without Christian leader- 
ship in its physical directorship except in rare instances. 
This was true of the Twenty-third Street Association, 
which fifteen years after the starting of physical work 
was without a Christian physical director. 

The second period was one of interpretation. 
Christian leadership was now being secured. In 1877 
Robert J. Roberts was engaged by the Boston Asso- 
ciation as its physical director. He was an earnest 
Christian and soon began to gather about him a 
group of Christian young men who saw in the physi- 
cal department an opportunity for Christian service. 
Between 1885 and 1887 he sent out no less than twenty- 
eight men as instructors. He was the pioneer in 
developing a method of physical training peculiarly 
adapted to the needs of the members of the Young 
Men's Christian Association. He championed the 
value of light calisthenics, and laid special emphasis 
upon the middle third of the body, or in other words 



4 PHYSICAL WORK 

upon those exercises related to the development of 
organic vigor. In 1880, he had added classes for busi- 
ness men and for students, and had coined an ex- 
pression that became a classic, namely, that exercises 
should be " short, safe, easy, pleasing and beneficial" 
— a philosophy which later scientific research has 
proven to be physiologic and scientific. 

He emphasized the value of the bath as a hygienic 
measure and the place of interest in making physical 
work beneficial. His dumbbell drill has been used 
as a standard in the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tions of the country. In the period now under dis- 
cussion great progress was made in fitting into the 
whole objective of the Association the place of phy- 
sical training as a part of the program of religious edu- 
cation. The report of the Philadelphia Association 
for 1885 states, "The relation between the gymnasium 
and the other parts of the Association has grown much 
more intimate: the false sentiment that godliness is 
inconsistent with bodily exercise is giving way, as 
men of muscle, and no less of mind and heart, are com- 
ing to the front in all the various activities of the 
Association." 

In 1886 Dr. Luther H. Gulick, after taking a course 
in physical training at Harvard, entered Association 
work, but left to study medicine, receiving his degree 
in 1889, when he reentered the Association service. 
He, together with Dr. George F. Poole, were the fore- 
runners of that group of men — which grew later in 
more generous proportion — who brought scientific 
and medical training to bear upon the physical work, 
and thus set standards of proficiency which had a 
marked influence upon physical education in the 
Young Men's Christian Association. 



HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 5 

In 1885 the International Training School was 
organized at Springfield and the physical department 
was added in 1887. This began with a two years* 
course and was increased to three years in 1895; the 
entrance standards were constantly raised until in 1905 
preparation equal to a course in a high school was 
demanded. At Lake Geneva a summer institute 
course was organized in 1884, which was followed in 
1890 by the organization of a regular training school 
located at Chicago. This school has also increased its 
curriculum to a three years' course. 

These two agencies began to train men efficiently, 
to develop the physical work as a science, and refused 
to receive other than Christian men as students. 
They became great factors in exalting and dignifying 
the physical department. 

Dr. Gulick became director of the physical work at 
the Springfield School in 1887 and his special studies 
in the philosophy of physical training and in the psy- 
chology and physiology of adolescence, as well as his 
able leadership, gave scientific status to physical edu- 
cation in Young Men's Christian Associations. 

The next period was the period of organization. 
This of course overlapped the period preceding, but 
is worthy of distinct emphasis. Dr. Gulick became in 
1887 the first secretary of the International Committee 
on physical work, holding this office jointly with the 
directorship of the physical department of the Spring- 
field Training School. In 1889 he prepared an anthro- 
pometric chart and outlined blanks for physical meas- 
urements ; these in later years were improved upon by 
Dr. W. W. Hastings of the International Training 
School faculty. The first volunteer leaders' class was 



6 PHYSICAL WORK 

organized in 1885 by J. Gardner Smith, M. D., of 
New York City. These classes have grown rapidly 
in number and enabled the Association to promote a 
type of organized work absolutely impossible without 
such volunteer cooperation. In the local Associations 
distinctive methods of organization were perfected, 
including gymnasium classes for various types and 
ages of men and boys. The membership in the phy- 
sical department grew by leaps and bounds. In 
1900 it had reached 80,433 and in 1912 over 300,000. 
In 1912 over 1,000 physicians gave voluntary service 
as medical examiners. 

Meanwhile the distinctive features of religious 
work were being developed, and in 19 12 these had 
become so extensive that 210 gymnasium Bible classes 
and study clubs were reported, 128 of which were taught 
by physical directors and 36 by laymen from the 
department, with an enrollment of 27,000. The 
physical department which began with fear and trem- 
bling and with uncertainty as to its function , had become 
a very important factor in the program of making 
Christian men. 

The Athletic League, organized in 1896, was a large 
factor in standardizing athletics in the Association, 
and became a profound influence in the athletic life 
in North America. 

One of the most important influences in the Associa- 
tion movement has been the physical directors' con- 
ferences, which have met annually and usually in con- 
nection with the employed officers' conferences. In 
1903 these conferences were formally organized into 
the Physical Directors' Society. This Society has 
had standing committees on anthropometry, nomen- 



HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 7 

clature, athletics, religious work and games of various 
kinds, the reports of which have been adopted as 
standard. A monthly magazine, Physical Training, 
was 'published beginning in 1901 and still continues. 
Thus by conferences and through standard literature, 
distinctive forms of Association physical work have 
been developed. The physical directorship has be- 
come a profession, and physical training in the Young 
Men's Christian Association a life calling. The office 
of the physical director has become a recognized 
Christian vocation, affording unusual and exceptional 
opportunities for Christian service. 

The next period was the period of extension and 
expansion. This began to gain momentum about 
1895. This period was characterized by two things: 
First, an enlarged conception of the relation of the 
physical department to the needs of the community, 
and the emphasis upon community service, and, sec- 
ond, the great development in equipment in new and 
enlarged buildings which has been especially active 
in the ten years 1903 to 191 3. 

The field of the Association is now generally recog- 
nized as the whole community. The Association 
feels a responsibility for meeting the unmet needs of 
every boy and young man in the community. It 
works upon the principle of seeing to it that these 
needs are met rather than itself meeting them, that 
is to say, the Association seeks to energize the logical 
agency which should meet the needs, and often creates 
such agencies where they do not exist. Because the 
Association was early in the field in reference to phy- 
sical training, because it has trained leaders, it has 
had a wonderful opportunity to pioneer and pro- 



8 PHYSICAL WORK 

mote community organizations for health betterment. 
Many have promoted playgrounds, conducting such 
until the municipality was ready to take them in 
charge. Many have introduced and fostered physical 
education in public schools, and many men who were 
originally employed by the Young Men's Christian 
Association are now directors of physical education 
in colleges and schools. Over 300 such physical 
directors have been trained and furnished by the 
Young Men's Christian Association. The Associa- 
tion furnishes annually 1,200 volunteer leaders to 
churches and social agencies for the direction of phy- 
sical work, making it possible for these institutions to 
carry on physical activities. Scores of Sunday School 
Athletic Leagues are being managed by Association 
physical directors. Many forms of public service 
are being promoted through the physical department. 

By means of an International Health League com- 
posed of four thousand members, a work of health edu- 
cation is carried on, and Associations are promoting 
" health days" and clean-up campaigns. Whole 
villages in industrial centers are being directed with 
reference to the health of the people. Thousands of 
talks, lectures and health campaigns in sex education, 
involving instruction to teachers of the public schools, 
Sunday Schools, parents and adult leaders, are con- 
ducted and in some instances societies for the promo- 
tion of social hygiene have resulted. 

Great swimming campaigns are being promoted, 
and fully 50,000 boys and men were taught to swim in 
a single season. As a result of agitation for the teach- 
ing of swimming to every youth, schools are making 
it compulsory in their curriculums; municipalities 



HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 9 

have provided teachers on beaches and in public bath 
houses and a National Life Saving Organization is 
being formed in the United States under the American 
Red Cross. The extent of this swimming work is as 
great and as varied as are the needs, and is limited 
only by the limitations of the physical directors and 
committeemen. 

The new and enlarged equipment has also brought 
with it greater and more elaborate facilities for service 
within the Association building. Membership runs 
up in the thousands. The program of work is more 
extended and more complex. The problem now before 
the Young Men's Christian Association is to make 
these buildings yield their maximum results in finan- 
cial, physical and spiritual values. Today is the period 
of intensive development, the period of scientific 
management. Objectives are being restated, methods 
revised, false movements eliminated, service made 
more intelligent and effective, and programs more 
thorough. 

Naturally this development has made severe de- 
mands upon the physical director. Not only must 
he be an able performer in the gymnasium, not only 
must he be schooled in technical physical education, 
but because of his public relationships he must qualify 
in some respects as a public hygienist, as a social 
worker, and particularly as an executive and promoter. 
He must know how to lead and train men and inspire 
them to service, and with it all he must be faithful to, 
and be possessed by, the spiritual objective of the 
Association, and constantly seek to lead, and succeed 
in leading men and boys into the Kingdom of God. 

The physical department moreover must not be a 



10 PHYSICAL WORK 

segregated department. It must fit into and be a 
part of the whole Association work. To this end the 
physical work has become more and more pervasive in 
the work of the local Association. The physical 
director must recognize himself as the director not of 
a department alone, but of the health of the whole 
membership. The message of health and right living 
must be injected into the whole program of the Asso- 
ciation. Some day it may become the practice of the 
Association to give every member a medical examina- 
tion upon joining, no matter what he joins for, for 
health is essential to progress in any activity, and 
physical defects, if undiscovered, may be causes not 
only of physical and mental inefficiency, but of moral 
lapses and needless temptation. 

Physical -training in the Young Men's Christian 
Association offers larger and more comprehensive 
opportunity in its objective and scope than in any 
other branch of physical education. Physical train- 
ing in schools and colleges and in playgrounds, while 
important and while offering large opportunity for 
service, is nevertheless only a specialized form of 
physical education and is limited to certain classes of 
men and boys and to certain specific functions. They 
differ also in this respect, that they do not have the 
distinctive religious emphasis which is fundamental 
in the Association physical training. The largest office 
in physical training is therefore the physical director- 
ship of the Young Men's Christian Association. 

Another striking and important consideration is 
that each local Association while distinct in its inde- 
pendence, is also a part of a great brotherhood both 
at home and abroad. Local Associations are related 



HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK II 

in state, national and international bonds of fellow- 
ship. The strength of each becomes the strength 
of all. The experience of any one is quickly placed 
at the disposal of all. Through its foreign work, 
now rapidly becoming a world power, each Associa- 
tion shares in the promotion of the work to the ends 
of the earth. 

The physical director, though a specialist, is first 
a Christian man, a worker in the Kingdom of God; 
second, he is an Association man, fired by the supreme 
and complete objective of the movement, interested 
in every phase of its development and of its program ; 
and, third, he is a specialist with responsibility for 
carrying out the work of his special department in the 
light of its relation to the whole program of making 
Christian men. 



II 

THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 

In the light of the foregoing what shall be the 
training of the physical director? The demand is 
for men of broad general preparation with a thorough 
technical education. Men are needed who know 
and can sympathize with the deepest desires in the 
lives of young men. 

A commission which made a very thorough study 
of the physical directorship, concluded that the 
qualities demanded in the physical director were 
the following in the order of their presentation: 
(i) Christian character and religious leadership; (2) 
executive ability; (3) cultural and technical training; 
(4) attractive personality; (5) athletic and gymnastic 
ability; (6) business ability. There was a time when 
this order was just the reverse. Men who simply 
see the physical side of the work, or who think of 
it as simply a job, must be discouraged from entering 
the work. Most men of this type are doomed to 
failure early in their career. 

This service demands a devotion deeper than the 
mere joy of physical exercise. The optimist with 
leadership ability who is an earnest Christian, will 
find in the Christian physical directorship the best 
opportunity for guiding adolescents during their 
formative years. The men who are nearest to the 
physical activities and play life of the youth are 
thereby in a better position to lead them spiritually. 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 13 

With thorough technical preparation he will also 
find in the profession a rich field for scientific investi- 
gation in the problems of physical and moral efficiency. 

What are the qualifications demanded? First, as 
to physical characteristics. A healthy, alert, vigorous 
body, abounding in life, with some native ability in 
gymnastics and athletics. Dyspeptic, pessimistic in- 
dividuals have no place. Born optimists are needed. 
Second, as to social characteristics. The social 
instincts should be well developed. Social rather 
than individualistic qualities are demanded, and a 
deep spirit of friendliness and interest in men. Third, 
as to intellectual characteristics. Interest in knowl- 
edge should in general be related to men rather than 
things; knowledge not simply for the sake of knowl- 
edge, but for the sake of men. Men are needed who 
have the capacity for study and love of it. 

Fourth, as to religious characteristics. The men 
needed are those who see the possibility of God's 
kingdom coming here and now. Honest men are 
needed who have confidence in God's handiwork, 
men whose training has. made them broad enough 
to confess their ignorance when they don't know, 
charitable enough to give the other man an oppor- 
tunity to differ with them, deep enough in their own 
spiritual life that men shall recognize in them real 
Christians. The need is for men of emotional power, 
coupled with common sense, whose ambition is to 
be servants of God used in bringing the world to Him- 
self; men who are reverent students of God's laws 
as written on tables of flesh as well as on tables of 
stone. 

Fifth, as to educational equipment. This should 



14 PHYSICAL WORK 

include such general subjects in science as physics, 
anatomy, physiology, psychology, chemistry, mathe- 
matics and biology. In language a knowledge of 
English, German and French is the best general 
preparation. The physical director's English train- 
ing should fit him for public speaking and the writing 
of papers and articles. A knowledge of French and 
German will give him access to the best scientific 
literature in gymnastics, physiology and hygiene. 
His history study should not be a matter of dates 
and figures, but should make the great men and 
their achievements a living reality to him. 

Sixth, as to technical education, a thorough tech- 
nical education is as essential as a good general 
education. Formerly the doctor, lawyer and preacher 
were trained by the apprenticeship method. A 
young doctor, for example, accompanied an experi- 
enced physician, picking up what information he 
could as he went along. It is essential now that 
the medical school have a library, laboratories and 
hospitals. These educational features must be di~ 
rected by a corps of specialists in the various branches 
of medicine. The length of the course has been in- 
creased during the last fifteen years from two to four 
years. 

A similar increase in the technical training of physi- 
cal education teachers is now demanded. Many 
experiments w^ere tried before it was seen that a 
technical education was absolutely essential. First, 
professional athletes, pugilists, wrestlers and runners 
were selected, until the necessity for a general 
education was seen. Ex-college athletes were then 
selected. This was an improvement, but still unsat- 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 15 

isfactory. The next step was the placing of medical 
graduates, where possible, in charge of the physical 
training. It was soon seen that the physician's 
education fitted him primarily for dealing with the 
sick, while his work in physical education would 
chiefly be with the well. He lacked training in general 
pedagogy, and in those special branches of pedagogy 
related to physical training. In studies like anatomy 
and physiology, in which it was thought his medical 
training would directly apply, it was found that he 
had studied surgical anatomy rather than animal 
mechanics, and the physiology of drugs rather than 
the physiology of exercise. It was found that while 
these studies might give excellent general training, 
they were in no sense a technical preparation for 
this branch of teaching. 

The experience of the last fifteen years would place 
the courses of preparation for physical education in 
the following order: First, a good general education; 
second, a technical course, such as is given in the 
best normal schools of physical education; third, 
a medical course with as much emphasis on the 
problems of physical diagnosis, personal and public 
health, school hygiene and orthopedic surgery, etc., 
as the flexibility of the medical curriculum will allow, 
but skill as a physician has become subordinate to 
a man's ability as a teacher, organizer and promoter. 

At present the best normal schools of physical 
education give better courses in personal public and 
school hygiene than do the medical schools. The 
medical schools give the best courses in physical 
diagnosis, and as a rule in orthopedic work, though 
the exercises themselves are usually given by non- 



1 6 PHYSICAL WORK 

medical specialists in physical education. The trend 
during the last ten years has been toward a greater 
emphasis on the combination of the cultural and 
technical rather than on medical training. The 
largest positions are open to men without medical 
training. 

Our own training schools in the Young Men's 
Christian Association furnish the most complete 
courses provided in North America. These include 
courses in anatomy, physiology, hygiene — personal, 
school, public — diagnosis, prescription of exercise, 
anthropometry, pedagogy and administration. These 
are described in the printed catalogues and need 
not be discussed here in detail. The courses at 
Springfield and Chicago give in addition a thorough 
training in religious education and in religious peda- 
gogy- 

The Continuous Mental and Spiritual Devel- 
opment of the Physical Director 

This statement has to do with the mental and 
spiritual culture of the physical director after he has 
entered the work. It may not be amiss in addition 
to preface the statement with a few words also in 
reference to the care of his own health, for there are 
some physical directors whose physical condition 
gives the lie to the profession they represent. The 
physical director must in his own life represent the 
things he stands for in the community. 

The desire to grow in efficiency must necessarily 
be in the heart of every man who has within himself 
to any degree, the elements of success. There is 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 1 7 

no short cut to growth and development, neither 
can these be attained without an objective and some 
kind of a program of procedure. Three things are 
necessary for growth: 

i. The realization that continuous growth 

IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR CONTINUOUS EFFI- 
CIENCY. The physical* director who does not grow 
must step down and give some one else, who will 
grow, a chance to do things; otherwise he becomes 
an obstacle to progress. 

2. There must be a large vision of his pro- 
fession. This alone will give courage and inspira- 
tion. It is vision which makes possible a constructive 
program in the life of any individual. " Where there 
is no vision, the people perish." 

3. The adoption of a schedule or system of 
training. Such a program should contain the 
following items: 

Reading. This may be grouped as follows : 

a. General; such as fiction, poetry and history. 
Good fiction portrays the various phases of life of 
the times in which it was written, introduces bits 
of history, illustrates effective methods of expres- 
sion, and the best use of language in general. Poetry 
appeals to the aesthetic sense and develops the power 
of imagination. History recalls the past, points out 
its lessons and in a measure forecasts the future 
because it indicates what may reasonably be expected 
under similar conditions. 

b. Technical. This should at least include general 
biology, organic evolution, sociology, anatomy, physi- 
ology* psychology, physiology of exercise, hygiene 
and sanitation and philosophy of physical education. 



1 8 PHYSICAL WORK 

It is highly desirable that the physical director 
secure for his own library the best books on these 
various technical subjects. Information concerning 
the best literature on many topics can readily be 
secured from authorities, such as teachers, physicians 
and librarians. 

While books on fiction, poetry and history are 
very helpful for general culture, those books which 
have to do with the problems of physical education 
and of the conservation of health are absolutely 
essential for the physical director's specific develop- 
ment for these deal directly with his work. A man 
in any of the older professions, who wishes to keep 
posted, must study constantly. This is even more 
true of the younger profession of physical education 
which is still in its plastic and changing state. Every 
physical director should be encouraged by his Asso- 
ciation to pursue a definite line of reading. In the 
appendix a suggestive graded course in reading is 
presented. 

Attendance upon conferences and conventions. There 
is nothing that helps to broaden one's view point 
so much as contact with other men and their views. 
Simply studying the problems in one's own small 
field carries with it the danger of narrowness and 
provincialism. Like solitary confinement, it leads 
to monotony, which kills ambition. A man not only 
gets new ideas at conferences, but more than that he 
catches the spirit of the times and gets an apprecia- 
tion of the bigness of the movement of which he is a 
part and is therefore inspired to do better and bigger 
things. 

Every Association should encourage the physical 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 1 9 

director to go to at least one conference a year. 
Some Associations not only do this, but also pay 
the conference expenses of their physical director 
and make regular provision for it in the budget of 
the department. Money spent in this way will 
bring large returns to the Association through the 
increased efficiency of the physical director as a result 
of his contact with men and new viewpoints. 

Attendance upon summer schools. It would seem 
almost unnecessary to mention the place of summer 
schools in the life of a growing Association man. 
However, it might be well to recall the fact that 
the summer schools bring together students from all 
parts of the country and expert instructors who 
bring to the students the best as well as the newest 
thought on any given subject. One of the most 
valuable features of a summer school is the contact 
with men who have come from other sections of the 
country. Here friendships are formed and ideas 
exchanged which are almost as valuable as the knowl- 
edge gained in the class room. 

Every physical director should plan to attend a 
summer school at least two weeks every third year. 
This advice is not merely for the younger and newer 
men in the work. An older and experienced physical 
director who had become so occupied with his local 
work that he failed to attend a summer school for 
four years until 1910, said "I did not realize how 
rapidly the Association work was progressing until 
I reached the summer school this year and never 
again will I stay away so long. " For advanced and 
experienced men special seminar courses and advanced 
subjects are prepared. 



20 PHYSICAL WORK 

It is gratifying to note that some Associations are 
planning to have their physical director attend a 
summer school once in three years. Furthermore 
some Associations are planning to adopt the policy 
of paying part or all of the physical director's expenses 
at such a summer school. This is very desirable. 
The time spent at such a school should not be 
taken out of the physical director's vacation, but 
the time thus spent should rather be regarded just 
as other educational institutions regard the sab- 
batical year during which the instructors are given 
leave of absence with pay, for study. 

A study of physical education as a movement. There 
is nothing so conducive to growth as a thorough 
study of the profession in which one is engaged. 
The physical director would find it broadening and 
stimulating if he undertook a study of the physical 
work as conducted under the auspices of various 
organizations, such as settlements, churches, play- 
grounds, athletic clubs, turners, schools and colleges 
and to note where the emphasis is being placed and 
the results produced. He should discern the trend 
of physical education in these agencies, noting how 
and why they are departing from earlier methods 
and adopting new ones. 

Physical training is a phase of education. The 
basic fact which gives physical education the right 
of recognition at all as a science, is that the mind 
and the body react upon each other. Medical men, 
psychologists and scientists in general are giving the 
major portion of their research to a study of these 
reactions. 

Physical education is more and more relating itself 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 21 

to the problems of efficiency, both mental and moral. 
Physical directors are more and more concerning 
themselves with conditions and habits of life which 
make for or against efficiency, and are therefore rap- 
idly emerging from the class of mere athletic coaches. 
The physical directors are no longer merely con- 
cerned with gymnastic and athletic activities, but 
are interested in the study of such subjects as 
dietetics, fatigue, the relation between fatigue and 
morality, health and efficiency, as well as the phys- 
ical basis of industrial, social and educational prob- 
lems. 

In no profession is there greater progress being 
made or a more rapid shift of emphasis occurring 
than in physical education. For example, witness 
the shift of emphasis in physical examinations from 
bone and muscle measurements to the examination 
of eyes, ears, nose, throat, teeth and vital organs; 
from the emphasis upon the development of muscles 
to the development of organic vigor ; from the teach- 
ing of athletic and gymnastic stunts to the teaching 
of right-living habits. Physical education stands for 
prevention rather than cure; for formation rather 
than reformation; for conservation rather than resto- 
ration. Because of these changing emphases the 
physical director must be a student of his time. 

Practise in public speech. Most physical directors 
have opportunity upon occasion in schools and 
churches, and at conferences and conventions to 
present addresses and papers upon topics of health, 
recreation and exercise. Such opportunities should 
not be neglected as they are valuable in his own 
education. They exalt his standing in the community 



22 PHYSICAL WORK 

and in his profession, develop his power to think and 
marshal facts in orderly and effective fashion, and 
facilitate his efficiency in public speech and address. 
The writing of articles for newspapers and magazines 
is also very helpful, and should not be neglected 
either from the standpoint of the good such articles 
will do, or the development which will come to the 
physical director through this kind of work. 

Committee work. Another very helpful means for 
development is committee service in connection with 
local societies, as the Society of Physical Education, 
Parents and Teachers Association, Anti-Tuberculosis 
Society, Playground Association, and the like, and 
also in connection with such national societies as 
the Physical Directors' Society of North America, and 
the American Physical Education Society. 

Committees represent the harness of any organi- 
zation and all work is done by committees. Commit- 
tee work develops the spirit of cooperation, the power 
to bring things to pass, and offers opportunities for 
rendering service. 

It is taken for granted here that every physical 
director will relate himself very intimately, especially 
as a member, to local state and national movements 
which deal with the problems of hygiene, sanitation, 
and physical education. 

Research work. There is nothing that will stimu- 
late the mind and induce intellectual growth so 
much as the undertaking of a bit of research work, 
no matter how insignificant it may appear. Impor- 
tant and interesting research work can be conducted 
with very little or no laboratory apparatus. It is 
well for a physical director to study some one phase 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 23 

of his work well, be it technical, social or executive. 
Every physical director, of course, should study his 
own field thoroughly for an intimate knowledge of 
his field will enable him to adequately meet the 
needs of his community. 

A study of the Association movement as a whole. 
Every physical director should be familiar with the 
history, traditions and policy of the Association 
movement. He should know something of the army, 
navy, student, industrial, county, as well as the 
city work, of the Association. 

Furthermore, he should acquaint himself with 
the work and organization of the International and 
State Committees and the relation of these agencies 
to each other and to the city and other forms of 
Association work. 

The Relationships of the Physical Director 

The whole work of the Association is controlled by 
a board of directors of which the general secretary 
is the executive officer. From this board different 
committees are appointed to have direct oversight 
over the various departments of the work. 

One of these is the physical department committee 
and it employs as its executive officer the physical 
director. All details of the physical department 
are under this committee's control. They look to 
the physical director to prepare plans to meet the 
needs of the membership, to conduct the business 
affairs of the department, and to keep them in touch 
with its activities. They rely on his knowledge of the 
theory and practice of physical department methods 



24 PHYSICAL WORK 

to recommend and carry out a practical and scientific 
system of physical training, and on his ability as an 
organizer of the forces resident in the membership 
to promote the physical welfare of young men. 
Through this committee, therefore, the physical 
director is brought into direct relationship with the 
board of directors. 

What is the relationship of the physical director 
to the general secretary? This depends for its answer 
on the acceptance of three propositions: First, the 
general secretary is the executive officer of the board 
of directors and is an ex officio member of all its 
committees. He is the one whom the directors hold 
responsible for the success of the work as a whole. 
He is to the Association what the working president 
is to a college or large corporation. Results are the 
criterion of his success, and failure to achieve them 
is not put down so much to the failure of the depart- 
ment heads as to improper management on his part. 
Second, the general secretary is also the correlator 
of the work ; the one who must keep the departments 
in their right relationship to one another. He is the 
adjuster of the various activities of the Association, 
the bond which binds all departments into one har- 
monious whole. Third, the physical director is an 
expert, employed to take charge of a department. 
He is, therefore, to the secretary what the superin- 
tendent or consulting engineer is to a president. 
His work is the work of an expert, and he must be 
looked upon as such. 

Admitting this, the relationship of the two officers is 
plain. All policies of the physical department which 
bear on the work as a whole are properly subject 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 25 

to the advice and approval of the general secretary, 
while all technical matters in organization and opera- 
tion of the department are under the control of the 
physical director working as the executive officer of 
the physical department committee. 

The relationship which the physical director bears 
to the other departments is one of sympathetic 
cooperation. His advice to the educational director 
is valuable in planning classes in hygiene, first aid 
to the injured and other topics which bear on the 
physical welfare* of young men. 

In conjunction with the religious work director 
he should plan for the extension of the religious work 
throughout the department, and he should not only be 
in sympathy with, but should take an active part in, 
the conduct of this important work of the Association. 

In the social features of the Association he should 
always be ready to cooperate in any way in which 
he, as a department head, may be able. 

To the boys' department he should bear the same 
relationship as he does to the general work, and the 
physical welfare of the boys should be under his 
control. 

His relation to the finances of the Association 
differs in various Associations. Some Associations 
hold the physical director with his committee respon- 
sible for raising the entire amount of the physical 
department budget. This may in some instances 
prove a serious hindrance to his usefulness to the 
membership, as his efforts may be looked upon as 
having a mercenary basis, and, further, the worry 
and thought given to the raising of finances may 
interfere with his best efforts in the regular work of 
the department. 



26 PHYSICAL WORK 

This entire responsibility for the budget does not 
prevail in many places. A growing number of As- 
sociations now plan the raising of the entire Asso- 
ciation budget in a very limited period of time and 
the physical director and his committee usually co- 
operate in the canvass. The physical director should 
always be ready, no matter what the plan, to suggest 
ways and means toward helping to bear the financial 
burden, and to suggest names of those who would 
be likely material for financial cultivation and help 
to cultivate the same. 

The attitude of the physical director to the work 
at large should be one of cordial support. The welfare 
of all the members should be his chief consideration 
and all department partisanship should be set aside 
for the good of the whole. 

In his own department the physical director, under 
the Physical Department Committee, is the organizer 
and director of all its activities. The various branches 
of the work are usually organized either in the form 
of clubs or under the supervision of committees. 
Whichever form of organization may be decided upon, 
the physical director should be in direct control and 
and an ex officio member of every committee in the 
department, and be present at all of their meetings. 

His relationship to these committees should be 
advisory and never dictatorial, and in the formation 
of them he should select such men as are in sympathy 
with the general policy of the Association, so that 
the welfare of the membership as a whole will control 
in all matters of sectional interest. The interest of 
the entire membership should always be kept in mind. 
The action of all clubs and committees should be 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 27 

subject to the approval of the physical department 
committee and by this means the physical director 
can maintain an efficient check on all their activities. 

His relationship with those associated with him 
in the work, such as assistants, should be one of 
helpfulness and support. As far as possible, they 
should be given direct responsibility for various 
features of the work and should be encouraged to 
develop the qualities of leadership. His relationship 
to the members of the Association should be one of 
recognized friendship, and he should hold the position 
of adviser on all matters pertaining to their physical 
welfare. His time, as far as possible, should be at 
their disposal, and every member should be made 
to feel that he will always be given a sympathetic 
hearing on any matter of importance. 

His relationship to the physical welfare movement 
outside of the Association membership depends largely 
upon the community in which he is placed. He should 
bear a sympathetic and cooperative relation with 
all organized movements which have for their object 
the physical welfare of young men. If he is situated 
in a field where no such organizations exist he should 
consider it his duty to lead in their organization. 
These welfare movements can usually be better han- 
dled by independent organizations with which the 
Association works in hearty cooperation. 

His relations to church, settlement, playground 
and school athletic organizations should be advisory, 
and he should rely upon the membership of the 
Association largely for the executive force in organiz- 
ing and carrying out the work in these institutions. 

His relationship to the community at large should 



28 PHYSICAL WORK 

be that of a specialist on all matters pertaining to 
their physical welfare. The physical director should 
always keep in mind that his first duty is to the 
Association, and should never allow outside calls 
on his time to interfere with the efficient adminis- 
tration of his department. 

Beginning in a New Field 

Wherever it is possible, it is w^ise for a physical 
director to be on the ground, one or two months 
before the season's work opens. During this period 
he should become acquainted with his fellow workers 
on the staff, the members of the Physical Department 
Committee and of the leaders' corps and other com- 
mitteemen, and as many of the general membership 
as possible. It is essential to know the past work of 
the department and where practicable to build upon 
it. As far as possible in this limited time, information 
should be secured of the physical work in the educa- 
tional institutions, churches, settlements and clubs 
in the community and the relationship that exists 
between them and the Association. 

Upon the foregoing facts the policy and plans for 
the department can be outlined. The physical 
director should avoid criticism of the work of his 
predecessor, introduce changes in methods only after 
being convinced that they are improvements, boast 
little, and make few extravagant promises. Too 
much should not be attempted at first. A few things 
done well is a good plan to start with, then broaden 
and enlarge the scope of the work. If there is no 
leaders' corps, it is well not to formally organize a 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 29 

corps until the men are well enough known to avoid 
mistakes in selection. It should be remembered 
that the physical director is one of the partners in 
the Association firm, and as such should fit his work 
into the general work of the Association, with special 
reference to the policy of the local Association with 
which he is identified. 

Resignation and Application for a Change 

Frequent changes are detrimental to both the 
physical director and the Association. When after the 
most careful consideration the director is convinced 
that he should resign, it should be done in a straight- 
forward, manly way, and only after a frank personal 
conference with the general secretary or president 
of the Association and the department committee. 
Sufficient notice should be given to enable the Asso- 
ciation to meet the situation. It is decidedly advan- 
tageous in most instances to remain in a position 
not less than three to five years. The following are 
some conditions which may warrant a change: 
Difference of opinion in matters of policy, ill health, 
inability to fill the office, a call to a place of larger 
service, a completed work. 

It is customary for purpose of record to present a 
resignation in brief written form. Public discussion 
of the reasons for leaving should be avoided. All 
the affairs of the department should be left in such 
order that the succeeding officer can take up the work 
expeditiously. When a change is decided upon and 
another field has not been accepted, the method of 
procedure is to notify the State office and the physi- 



30 PHYSICAL WORK 

cal and secretarial departments of the International 
Committee. 

Before a new field is accepted the conditions which 
prevail should be ascertained as accurately as possible, 
so as to avoid later disappointment and misunder- 
standing. There should be a clear understanding 
as to the character and extent of the responsibilities 
of the position to be filled, so as to insure efficient 
team work in Christian service. Advance under- 
standing may well be had in reference to attendance 
upon conferences, conventions, summer schools, 
vacation period and the like. 



Code of Business and Professional Ethics for 

the Physical Directors of the Young Men's 

Christian Associations of North America 

(Adopted by the Physical Directors' Society, 
Columbus, Ohio, June 5, 191 1.) 

Inasmuch as this Society may be regarded as 
representing the physical directors in the Young 
Men's Christian Associations of North America, it 
is entirely fitting that the organization should endeavor 
by all reasonable means not only to encourage and 
promote practical and technical efficiency, but also 
to emphasize the importance of scholarship, to elevate 
the moral tone, and to stimulate consecration to 
service on the part of its members. 

In this connection a more or less definitely formu- 
lated statement of principles and practices accepted 
by the Society will have a valuable educational in- 
fluence not only upon those already members of the 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 3 1 

profession, but especially upon those younger men 
just entering the profession and not familiar with 
the standards which actuate the life and conduct of 
the director in his professional capacity. The follow- 
ing statements are therefore submitted as guides in 
this connection: 

i. Personal character and motive. The physi- 
cal director should be a man of upright and Christian 
character, whose purpose is to use his personal 
influence and that of his office for the service of 
humanity and the upbuilding of God's Kingdom. 

2. Relationships, a. To the Association employ- 
ing him. Every director should have as a joint 
memorandum and for mutual understanding, a 
definite agreement with the committee supervising 
the work of the physical department, specifying not 
only salary, vacations, and other general matters, 
but also outlining specifically his duties, hours of 
service, assistance provided, ordering of supplies, 
responsibility to whom, and such other details as 
may be peculiar to any particular field. He should 
then in a spirit of Christian service and in hearty 
cooperation with other employed officers do more 
than is called for in the letter of the agreement. 

Any work done or time spent by the director apart 
from his regular duties as agreed upon, and for which 
he receives money or any value consideration, should 
be done with the knowledge and consent of the Asso- 
ciation employing him. 

It is not regarded as wise for directors to act as 
agents for or receive commissions from the sale or 
recommendations of gymnasium supplies, athletic 
and sporting goods, etc., and directors are cautioned 



32 PHYSICAL WORK 

as to their procedure in the matter of accepting 
samples of goods used in connection with their work, 
of giving testimonials concerning same, etc., since 
injudicious procedure in these particulars may result 
in undesirable complications. 

b. To fellow directors and the profession. Every 
director entering the profession thereby incurs an 
obligation to uphold its dignity and honor, to promote 
its scholarship and efficiency, to elevate the moral 
tone, to cooperate heartily in the collection and 
compilation of useful material in the formulation, 
adoption and propaganda of principles and regulations 
for the benefit of the profession. Recognized busi- 
ness procedure and courteous consideration of requests 
should be strictly observed as matters of honor, e.g., 
in prompt attendance to correspondence, payment of 
dues or other personal obligations. 

Organized conferences, institutes, conventions, etc., 
should receive his active support and be made in- 
strumental for the cultivation of fellowship, the ex- 
change of experience, the advancement of scientific 
and practical knowledge and maintenance of ethical 
standards. 

The spirit of the relationship between directors or 
Associations in competition as defined in the platform 
of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian 
Associations of North America and contained in its 
handbook is hereby endorsed. 

c. To those seeking his professional or personal 
advice. Confidential information secured in the 
examining room or from those seeking advice should 
be guarded with the most scrupulous fidelity and 
honor, and the obligation to secrecy should extend 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 33 

to even the privacy of individual or domestic life, 
provided, however, that this does not preclude the 
taking of proper measures for the protection of in- 
dividuals or institutions. 

d. To the medical profession. The director's rela- 
tion to practicing physicians should be that of hearty 
cooperation in all matters where the two professions 
have common interest; for example, public health, 
instruction in personal hygiene and sanitation, etc. 

The director who is not a graduate in medicine, 
or who is not practicing medicine, upon finding a 
member in need of medical advise should first advise 
the applicant to consult his own family physician. 
In case the member has no family physician the 
director should advise him to consult a responsible 
practitioner. It is suggested that each director 
have a list of these men who are most efficient, and 
preferably Christian physicians, to whom he will 
send members for professional consultation. This 
list may with profit include general practitioners 
and specialists, such as surgeons, nerve specialists, 
specialists on eye, ear, nose and foot and whatever 
others his experience may indicate. 

e. To the public. The director should exemplify in 
his relations to the public the essentials of Christian 
character in the keeping of appointments, in his 
general deportment, in the promptness with which 
he meets business obligations, and in the interest 
which he takes in matters relating to general public 
welfare. 

f. To the church. Each director should unite him- 
self with and participate actively in the work of the 
local church of his choice. 



Ill 

PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 

Point of Control 

An important feature of equipment in the physical 
work is the point of control at the department entrance. 
A door or gate controlled from the office by an electric 
lock and button is not satisfactory, unless the gate 
and office are very close together. A desk near the 
gate or a small office, with counter or large window, 
where members deposit their tickets, check their val- 
uables and possibly secure their gymnasium clothing 
is quite essential. 

Dressing Rooms 

Comfortably heated and well lighted and ventilated 
dressing rooms are now being provided on the first, 
second or higher floors. Two distinct plans are now 
in use — the Standard and the Sanitary box plans. 
The Standard is the name given to the plan of sup- 
plying a standard locker to every member — larger 
lockers are available at an additional price. 

Separate locker rooms are generally provided for 
boys, young men and business men. 

An extra locker room is often provided for visitors 
and visiting teams. 

All lockers should be made of steel and provided 
w T ith a secure locking device. Combination locks are 
in most general use, but key locks are preferred by 
some Associations. 



PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 35 

Lockers should not be built more than two tiers 
high, the top tier having a sloping roof. If the 
lockers are raised from four to six inches from the 
floor, it will permit greater cleanliness and more 
convenience in use. The desirable size for boys is 
12 x 12 x 36 inches; for young men 12 x 15 x 36 inches; 
and for business men 12 x 15 x 72 inches. Wooden 
benches are provided from 8 to 10 inches wide and 
15 to 18 inches high, firmly fastened to the floor at 
least 20 inches from the locker, and running the full 
length of the locker row, unless very long, when open- 
ings or breaks should be made for convenience. 

These benches should be thoroughly oiled with 
linseed oil before being used. Paints or stains are 
very unsatisfactory. In the special or business men's 
locker rooms stools are some times substituted for 
benches. 

Locker aisles vary from 4I to 6 feet in width. 

The lockers should be arranged in rows in relation 
to the window so that full advantage of the sunlight 
will be secured. 

A centrally located " conning tower' ' is a desirable 
feature to prevent petty thieving. 

Maple flooring is preferable to any other. This 
should be thoroughly oiled when new. If the floor 
is of cement it should be painted and provided with 
strips of carpet. 

It is very essential that an economical and efficient 
system of ventilation be installed, one that will keep 
the room free from draughts and the odor of perspira- 
tion and musty clothing. Forced ventilation is 
necessary. Fresh air (warmed) should enter the 
ceiling and be drawn out underneath the lockers. 



36 PHYSICAL WORK 

Tungsten electric lights give best satisfaction. 
The lamps need protection. 

Smooth hard cement walls and ceilings painted a 
pleasing color have been found most durable. A ceil- 
ing height from ten to fifteen feet is desirable. 

The Sanitary box plan is as follows : The amount of 
space set aside in the building for the locker room is 
from one half to three fourths smaller than for the 
Standard plan. A sufficient number of full length 
lockers are installed to accommodate the largest 
number of members who will be likely to use this 
privilege at any one time. Generous space is allowed 
for aisles and dressing purposes. Key locks are 
placed on the lockers. No clothing is kept in any of 
these lockers except while a member is actually par- 
ticipating in the privileges of the department. A 
small fiber or metal box is provided every member to 
hold his gymnasium clothing. This box is stored in 
a room near the department entrance, where the 
member receives it as he enters, and leaves it as he 
retires. 

The advantages claimed from the standpoint of 
equipment are: 

i. A much smaller space is required for the locker 
room. 

2. A decided saving in the cost of locker equipment. 

Several adaptations and so-called improvements 
are now in use. The most satisfactory of these im- 
proved plans is as follows: Rows of box lockers and 
dressing lockers alternate throughout the locker 
room. The row of box lockers consist of small lockers 
12x12x15, five or six tiers high. Each locker 
contains a metal or fiber box which holds the 



PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 37 

member's gymnasium clothing. A combination pad- 
lock is essential. The dressing locker row consists 
of full length lockers 12 or 15 inches by 5 or 6 feet. 

A member enters the locker room, approaches and 
opens his locker box, removes the box and changes 
his clothing, placing the empty box and his street 
clothing in the large dressing locker. He then trans- 
fers his padlock from the box locker to the dressing 
locker and locks it. After using the privileges the 
process is reversed. 

A small signal falls when a box locker has been 
opened, so that the attendant can tell at a glance which 
boxes need attention. By means of a special device 
which the attendant controls, the contents of any 
box are easily removed and laundered as necessary. 

It would be well to make a careful investigation 
before making any decision in this important matter. 

In the larger Association buildings at least two 
gymnasiums are included. A large one and a small 
one, preferably so arranged that they can be thrown 
together for special occasions. In addition an exer- 
cising room adjoins one or both of the gymnasiums. 

Abundant sunlight and fresh air are essential in 
this department, therefore adequate skylights and 
windows should be provided. The details of sky- 
lights should receive careful consideration as some 
styles are open to serious objection. 

A workable and economical plan of forced ventila- 
tion is very desirable. 

The most satisfactory method of artificial lighting 
is to use individual and cluster tungsten electric 
lamps, having them so arranged that every part of 
the room is fully lighted and also overcome the possi- 
bilities of strong shadows, 



38 PHYSICAL WORK 

Exercising Features 

The Gymnasium — The day of basement or cellar 
gymnasiums is past. Larger gymnasiums than ever 
are being planned by Associations today, but the 
present maximum dimension is about 60 x 100 for a 
single room, with a ceiling height from 20 to 30 feet. 
The marked tendency is to increase the number of 
rooms for exercising purposes and to so arrange them 
that several can be used as one when occasion demands. 

Plaster walls or ceilings are tabooed. Walls of 
pressed red brick (usually painted) are recommended 
(buff or glazed are sometimes used). 

Nothing has yet been found to surpass rock maple 
for the gymnasium floor. Properly treated when 
new, this will give entire satisfaction for an indefinite 
time. Before the floor has been soiled by workmen 
or members, clean it thoroughly without water, 
saturate it with raw linseed oil; permit this to soak 
in for several days, then apply another very light coat 
of oil and rub off thoroughly with cotton waste. 
Every particle of excess oil must be removed with 
benzine or the floor will become mussy. In laying a 
new floor care should be taken to see that all board 
ends rest on joists, unless there is double flooring. 

All windows and lamps need strong wire guards for 
protection. 

Radiators and steam pipes ought to be so placed 
and protected that members cannot possibly be 
burned by coming in contact with them. 

A suggested list of apparatus for a large gymnasium 
is as follows: 



PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 39 

1. Heavy Apparatus — 

Parallel Bars 

Horse 

Springboards 

Horizontal Bar 

Buck 

Flying Rings 

Low Horizontal or Vaulting Bar 

Climbing Ropes 

Traveling Rings 

Suspended Parallels 

Ladder 
All to be furnished in sets of one, two or three, accord- 
ing to the dimensions of the gymnasium, and the size 
of the classes. 

2. Wall Apparatus, including; Pulley Weights and 
Stall Bars, according to available wall space and 
probable demands. 

3. Calisthenic Apparatus, placed in cabinets 

Dumbbells 

Bar Bells or Wands 

Indian Clubs 

4. Athletic and Game Apparatus 

Basketball 

Volley Ball and Indoor Baseball outfits 

Jumping and Pole Vaulting standards 

Pole Vaulting Block 

Toe Block 

Indoor Shot 

Medicine Balls 
Sufficient gymnasium mats to supply every piece 
of apparatus likely to be used at one time. A stand- 
ard mat is 5 x 10 feet. It greatly facilitates the 



40 PHYSICAL WORK 

handling and care of mats if they are all divisions or 
multiples of the above size. 

The small gymnasium is generally equipped with a 
limited amount of the foregoing. 

The auxiliary gymnasium or exercising room con- 
tains the special apparatus, such as punching bag, 
drum, rowing machine, special pulley weights with 
attachments. This list varies greatly according to 
the judgment of the director, but fancy pieces are 
undesirable. 

A pair of scales placed in the locker room is very 
pleasing and useful to the members. 

The boxing, wrestling and fencing rooms need 
abundance of ventilation and well distributed light. 
One room will often be sufficient for these activities. 
A mat 20 x 20 feet, and 4 inches thick is needed for 
wrestling. A strong soft surface covering for this 
mat is quite essential. 

( 



IV 

ORGANIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL 
DEPARTMENT 

Physical Department Committee 

As has been stated, the affairs of the department 
are under the supervision of the physical department 
committee. The physical director has the same rela- 
tion to this committee as the secretary has to the board 
of directors. This committee should consist of at 
least three members, all of whom are members of the 
board of directors or committee of management, and 
such other individuals as the board may appoint. It 
should be a working committee and meet at least 
monthly at stated times and preceding the regular 
meetings of the board. At each meeting the physical 
director should present a brief and comprehensive 
report to the committee. When adopted it becomes 
part of the report of the committee itself and is pre- 
sented to the board as such. 

All matters affecting the policy of the department 
should be presented to the committee for its endorse- 
ment. 

The meetings of the committee should be carefully 
planned and made to mean something. They should 
be worth while. Busy men will not waste time on 
inconsequential matters. Minutes should be care- 
fully written and records presented in actual accord- 
ance with facts. In presenting new features, or in 



42 PHYSICAL WORK 

bringing before the committee matters of importance 
which will require discussion, it is important that the 
physical director should carefully present the case 
in his report and submit a definite recommendation 
to the committee for discussion. The efficiency 
of the committee's work depends largely on the 
way in which the physical director cultivates the 
members of it and in the way in which he presents 
his plans. 

All bills should be endorsed by the chairman, and 
no expenditure entailed without the authority of the 
committee. There should be an annual budget 
itemized under general headings, such as salaries, 
repairs, etc. The committee then must live within 
the budget; the budget of course being adequate for 
progressive needs. 

There should be a written policy for the year con- 
taining an outline of the entire department activities, 
such as plans for the conduct of classes, leagues, com- 
petitive athletics, religious work, extension work. 
This should be presented to the committee and receive 
their endorsement before being adopted. 

Gymnasium Committee 

In addition to the physical department committee 
it is often wise to have a committee composed of 
representative members from every department of 
the physical work, including each class in the gym- 
nasium and each organized group, such as hand ball, 
basket ball, tennis, bowling. Usually the chairmen 
of these groups by virtue of their office compose this 
committee. This will give the physical director a 



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44 PHYSICAL WORK 

close relationship with each department of the work, 
and enable him to receive suggestions and criticisms 
from the men who are in actual practice. 

The chairman of the physical department com- 
mittee might well be chairman of the gymnasium 
committee. It is a strong point of contact with the 
membership. 

While the function of the physical department com- 
mittee in its relation to the department is legislative 
and authoritative, that of the gymnasium committee 
is suggestive and advisory. 

Some associations modify the above plan, uniting 
these committees in one, but this would seem less 
desirable. The physical director needs one committee 
to which he can go with the most delicate problems 
and which is authoritative and another which is 
more representative of the membership. 

The responsibility for all the work as far as possible 
should be placed upon these committees and upon 
intelligent laymen. Strong men must be discovered 
and trained and given initiative. 

Leaders' Corps or Clubs 

The work of this organization is most important; 
first, from the standpoint of the quality of the work 
done; second, from the standpoint of the quantity 
of the work done; third, from the standpoint of the 
extension work made possible by the cooperation of 
a well trained corps; fourth, from the standpoint of 
the contribution of these corps of men to the physical 
directorship from which many physical directors are 
recruited. 



ORGANIZATION 45 

For membership in these corps only high grade 
men of good character should be selected. They 
should have the usual officers. The administration 
should be democratic. Each new leader should be 
unanimously approved by the corps, which should be 
in the nature of an exclusive organization and mem- 
bership considered a mark of honor. Meetings should 
be held weekly, the time of meeting to be determined 
by local conditions. A good plan is to meet early 
in the evening for practice, then have tea and follow 
with a business meeting. This should be on a 
class night preferably, so as not to demand extra 
time. 

The meeting is of two parts, practical and theoreti- 
cal. It should provide for the study of gymnastic 
nomenclature, practice in gymnastics, class evolutions, 
instruction in the grading of exercises and in teach- 
ing, also actual practice in mobilizing and managing 
squads. 

Beginning in the November, 1910, number of 
Physical Training Mr. S. Wiley Winsor gives a 
splendid outline of practical studies for leaders. The 
form and peculiar knack of the exercise should be 
explained, as well as the possible difficulties usually 
met in teaching a gymnasium class. The position 
to be taken by the leader after he has set an exercise 
so that he can prevent accident should be taught. 
The ability to properly criticise the performance of 
an exercise and to point out the reason for failure is 
not easily acquired. Criticism should be made in a 
kindly and helpful manner. 

As the season advances new series are given the 
leaders, so that the class work is kept fresh and inter- 



46 PHYSICAL WORK 

esting. Series of exercises should be taught the lead- 
ers in their logical order of progression from simple to 
complex and they should in turn be given to the men 
in the gymnasium. Books or cards should preferably 
not be brought onto the floor by leaders when they 
teach, but the exercises should be committed to mem- 
ory in advance. 

To sustain interest special instruction for the leaders 
is often desirable in such branches as fencing, boxing 
and gymnastic dancing. Leaders should be given, 
where practicable, definite lines of extension work 
to do and assume responsibility for work in clubs, 
churches and playgrounds. A good room for the ex- 
clusive use of the leaders, containing a good library, 
is highly desirable. 

For instruction in theory such topics as the history 
and philosophy of physical training, studies in physiol- 
ogy of exercise and the theory of play, are valuable. 
The business sessions should be conducted in the 
usual way. Social functions are often added to create 
a social spirit. The leaders should be given as much 
responsibility for actual direction of activities as they 
are qualified to take. The physical director should 
always bear in mind the fact that it is from the lead- 
ers' corps or clubs that many physical directors are 
recruited; therefore, the program of this organiza- 
tion should include as far as possible the whole 
program of the physical department, the physical 
director should bear a very close and personal 
relation to the men in it, and he should constantly 
present the opportunities of the physical director- 
ship as a life calling to them. In recruiting men 
for the club he should seek only such men as 



ORGANIZATION 47 

have the potential qualifications for the physical 
directorship. 

Many leaders' clubs interchange visits with those of 
other Associations and plan visits also to other insti- 
tutions to study their work. One corps has a fund 
which is used to loan to its members who desire to 
attend the training schools. 

Where leaders direct extension work in the com- 
munity they should make regular reports to the corps 
and should be under the direction of the physical 
director. If they are paid for this service, such 
remuneration should be received through the Asso- 
ciation and the leaders should be considered in its 
employ. 

Leaders' clubs should have a distinctive uniform. 
Blue full length trousers, with white or yellow stripes 
seem to predominate, though there is no accepted 
uniform for all clubs. The uniform, whatever it is, 
should be modest yet distinctive. Emblems and 
service stripes are selected by many. Shoulder 
stripes indicating length of service, and other emblems 
marking the grade of the leader based upon tests of 
ability, are adopted by some. The plan of one Asso- 
ciation is suggestive; it provides for five degrees as 
follows : 

The emblem for the first year and degree is an 
equilateral triangle of crimson felt, worn with the 
apex down. This triangle is five inches on a side, each 
side three quarters of an inch wide. In addition to 
the triangle, a bar of white felt, one quarter of an 
inch wide, and six inches long, passes through the 
centre of the triangle, horizontally and back of the 
triangle. 



48 PHYSICAL WORK 

The second degree has two bars, placed parallel, 
one quarter of an inch apart. 

The third degree has three bars placed parallel, one 
quarter of an inch apart. 

The fourth degree has four bars and the fifth degree, 
or honorary leaders' emblem, is the same as for the 
fourth degree, with the addition of a crimson felt 
circle, one half inch wide, the outer edge of which 
touches the apices of the triangle. These emblems 
are described in the accompanying diagrams. 

At the end of the season an examination is held on 
the work of the year. The record of attendance and 
the leaders' faithfulness to obligations imposed by 
the club count in the examination. Leaders securing 
an average of seventy-five per cent for the season are 
promoted to the next degree. 

In Canada a National Leaders' Corps has been 
organized which standardizes the uniform, emblem, 
grading and work of its members, including both 
boys and men. The national organization prescribes 
the work required and conducts an annual examination 
for leaders. 

In closing this statement it is only fair to state that 
there has been a reaction in reference to the use of 
service marks, most leaders prefering a simple uniform 
with little decoration. 



Other Clubs and Committees 

The physical department because of its varied 
activities lends itself to considerable intra-organiza- 
tion. Athletics, swimming, various games, such as bas- 
ket ball, baseball, and handball, have many devotees 



ORGANIZATION 



49 




FIRST 
DEGREE 




SECOND 
DEGREE 




HONOl 
DEGREE 




THIRD 
DEGREE 




FOURTH 
DEGREE 



50 PHYSICAL WORK 

and such sports must be thoroughly organized. Each 
chairman should be a member of the gymnasium com- 
mittee as has been suggested in the description of 
that committee. The physical director should seek 
to place responsibility on the members and have them 
take the initiative, and yet he must guard against 
these committees becoming too independent and 
overriding their authority. The gymnasium commit- 
tee will seek to coordinate and balance the various 
interests. 

Athletic Club. In all group organizations the su- 
preme objective of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation should be presented, and a special objective 
stated in reference to the particular activity which 
is being promoted. Every member should know this 
objective for only thus can the fundamental purpose 
be attained. 

Some times it may seem wise to place the adminis- 
tration of athletics under the direction of an athletic 
council made up of representatives of each athletic 
group, or again an athletic club or association may be 
formed to regulate competitive sports and promote 
a social spirit. 

Properly organized, athletics may be made to con- 
tribute vitally to the social spirit of the Association. 
The conduct of all the sports should be made coopera- 
tive. Athletics provide an opportunity to put many 
to work, which always creates interest on the part of 
those so employed. Close contests, a reasonable 
number of victories, and gentlemanly conduct in com- 
petition inject esprit de corps and enthusiasm into 
the membership. 

The social side of athletics must ever be kept upper- 



ORGANIZATION 5 1 

most. There is frequently a tendency to limit com- 
petition to a few, whereas it should offer opportunity 
for the many. While it may be wise to have a track 
team composed of athletes who by superior work have 
won distinction, participation in track athletics should 
not be limited to these. The athletic policy should 
make provision for events in which the novice and 
the mediocre athlete can find a place. 

Some Associations have a budget for the athletic 
work, and send athletic teams, which they elect, to 
various "meets" and pay all expenses, including 
entrance fees, uniforms and traveling expenses. 
Some have even gone so far as to give "star" athletes 
special privileges, such as a membership in the Associa- 
tion, and have thus made of them a select and favored 
class. Such a plan is expensive and to say the least 
unfair to the rest of the members and is attended by 
undesirable results. 

A form of organization is therefore necessary in the 
conduct of athletics which will provide for a coopera- 
tive policy, be composed of the members, be con- 
ducted by the members for the members, and by which 
clean sport principles will be enunciated and upheld 
and all athletic affairs dominated by a healthy, uplift- 
ing spirit. 

Physical Training Club. A good illustration of a 
form of organization that develops volunteer initative 
and responsibility is the following : The club has the 
usual officers and has sub-committees on membership, 
hygiene (personal and public), athletics (track and 
field), aquatics (swimming and diving), basket ball, 
baseball (indoor and outdoor), gymnastics wrest- 
ling and boxing, tennis, hand ball, extension work, 



52 PHYSICAL WORK 

visitation of the sick and injured, religious work. All 
sub-committees present a written report at each regu- 
lar meeting, which is held monthly. A special letter- 
head is used for the correspondence of the physical 
department, containing the names of all the members 
of the committee. 



V. 

BUSINESS METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL 
DEPARTMENT 

There is so much of ethics in good business methods, 
and business methods are so necessary to successful 
ethics, that the time has passed when we could plead 
a justifiable gulf between the two. There must be 
efficient machinery, but the membership must not 
feel its vibration. There must be method, but it 
should be administered with a big sympathetic per- 
sonality. There must be just enough system to se- 
cure the greatest good to the greatest number, and 
there should be a tactful carrying out of such system. 

Results should be tabulated, but an array of figures 
is worth just as much as the man who made them. 
The age demands that everything that can be reduced 
to figures be accessible, and as far as figures are used 
to show the results they must be accurate. Unfor- 
tunately, only figures can be recorded of such items 
as enrollments, examinations, attendance, expense 
and income, but the greater work of life — motives 
stimulated, ambitions promoted, and the increase of 
physical efficiency — are impossible of tabulation. It is 
these latter, however, which inspire our work. Al- 
though figures are not the real thing, they are expres- 
sive, and for comparison and guidance are essential 
for reports to committees and boards. Books must 
be kept and the business of the department conducted 
in a businesslike way. 



54 PHYSICAL WORK 

Business detail may differ in various fields though 
the principle is the same. The following are sug- 
gestive : 

Budget. How made and used : 

The word " budget" comprehends proposed expen- 
ditures and estimated receipts covering stated pe- 
riods, annual or semi-annual. A carelessly planned 
budget is unbusinesslike and often necessitates fre- 
quent revision. 

The department committee with the physical direc- 
tor prepare the items of the budget and recommend 
them for authorization by the board of directors. 
When finally adopted the department should keep 
within the authorized expenditure, unless special 
funds are provided for special purposes. 

The budget consists of two parts, expenditures and 
income. Under expense those items should be con- 
sidered which are known quantities or which can be 
closely estimated, such as salaries, wages of attend- 
ants, new equipment, repairs and maintenance, post- 
age and office supplies, printing and advertising, sup- 
plies for sale, including such items as soap, towels and 
laundry, the promotion of classes for wrestling, fenc- 
ing, athletics and aquatics; budgets for leaders* and 
other clubs, classes in first aid, Bible classes, and under 
miscellaneous such items as attendance upon con- 
ferences and summer schools. 

Under income should be entered such items as 
locker fees, supplies sold, such as soap, towels and 
laundry, special class fees, receipts from athletic and 
aquatic meets and games. Admission fees should 
apply on incidental expenses. 

While all physical directors make up a budget for 



BUSINESS METHODS 



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56 PHYSICAL WORK 

the year some prefer to estimate it for each month 
and on page 55 is such an estimate used by one 
Association. 

In making the budget all the probable receipts and 
expenditures should be considered. If meets, exhi- 
bitions or contests are planned where money is needed 
for prizes or talent, and an entry or admission fee is to 
be charged, the complete estimate of both expendi- 
tures and receipts should find its place in the budget. 
No director should take receipts from any source to 
expend as he may see fit. All money should be turned 
in and expenditures paid through the general treasury. 
This is the only safe method for either the Association 
or director and a full accounting is rendered so that 
suspicion is impossible and the regular books show all 
financial transactions. 

Care must be exercised in making estimates to 
avoid the necessity of undue efforts to reach the goal 
set. This might lead to over-emphasis on results. 
Let it be thoroughly understood and firmly fixed in 
the mind of every director that he is the agent of the 
Association in every transaction be it financial or 
otherwise, and the dignity of the profession can be 
beyond adverse criticism only when all receipts and 
expenditures pass through and are accounted for in 
the general Association books. 

While the sale of gymnasium clothing, soap, rent- 
ing of towels and other items handled for the con- 
venience of the members, should find a place in the 
budget it is the judgment of many that the physical 
directors time ought not to be usurped in these 
channels. Better to place them in a general Associa- 
tion store where educational department and other 



BUSINESS METHODS 57 

supplies are handled, or, if this is not convenient, 
place a special clerk in charge. 

The plan of crediting a percentage of all member- 
ship fees to the department and charging up a pro- 
portion of such general charges as light, heat, taxes 
and insurance, is being tried, but no satisfactory 
basis for fixing such charges has yet been found. 

The use of the budget, except in the case of stand- 
ing amounts, as salaries and wages, should be by or- 
der blank or combined requisition and order blank. 
Orders may well be made in triplicate by using car- 
bon sheets, which method provides the general office 
and the department office with a record as well as an 
order to the firm or contractor. Thus, the general 
secretary as well as the physical director can keep a 
check on the budget. Bills presented for payment are 
O K'd by the director. A file for " Orders sent and 
unfilled," "Orders filled," "Bills to be O K'd" and 
"O K'd bills," gives ample opportunity for all the 
bookkeeping necessary. Order blanks are usually fur- 
nished by the general office of the local Association. 

For cash business in small amounts, usually under 
$1.00, for stamps, small repairs and the like, petty 
cash slips can be used. The director either pays these 
and collects monthly or secures the money in advance 
from the office. 

Entering new members. Application for member- 
ship is usually made upon cards or blanks at the gen- 
eral office. Much of the information which is needed 
by the director may be included on this blank. In 
addition, blanks are used to secure added information 
for the records of the department of which the fol- 
lowing is a sample. 



58 PHYSICAL WORK 



Application for Membership in the Physical Department Classes 

Name .- 

Address „ : mm . — Date VJ ..^.. 

(Place an X in the square opposite the classes In which you are interested and you 
will be informed from time to time with all details) 

□ Evening Gymnasium Class Work 
Q Afternoon Gymnasium Class Work 

□ Special Fencing Lessons 
Q Special Wrestling Lessons 
Q First Aid to the Injured 
Q Gymnasium Men's Bible Cass 

OUTDOOR WORK 

Q Athletic* Q Tennis □ Boating □ Base Ball Q Tramping fj Beach Swimming 

Name here any other phases of physical work which you are anxious to see operated here 



INDOOR WORK 




□ Volley Ball 

□ Special Boxing Lessons 

Q Special Swimming Lessons 

□ Advanced Gymnastics 

□ Aquatic Sports 

□ Health Talks 


□ Basket Ball 

□ Athletics 

□ Bowling 
Q Hand Ball 

D Indoor Base Ball 



Where the volume of the work is too large for the 
director to know all the members a record of men and 
boys using the department may be kept in one of 
the following ways : The signature of all entering the 
department may be secured at the entrance to the 
physical department by an attendant who verifies 
doubtful cases by reference to his membership file. 
This may be done in several ways. One method is to 
number the tickets, the attendant keeping a record 
of the numbers. This gives an absolute check, ex- 
cept in cases where tickets may be loaned to non- 
members. The prompt cancellation of ticket for such 
violations will reduce this practice to a minimum. 

Some Associations require members to sign their 
names upon entering the department and state their 
locker number. These signatures are compared with 
duplicate signatures. The original signatures can be 
placed on cards which in turn are arranged on boards 
or swinging frames, 37^ by 16 inches, which will hold 
one hundred cards four inches wide and one and one- 



BUSINESS METHODS 59 

half inches high, arranged in four vertical columns 
of twenty-five each. The number of the locker is 
placed on each plainly so that with little difficulty the 
corresponding locker number and name can be found. 
This plan, of course, can only be used where the old 
system of having an individual locker for each man 
is in use. 

One Association has a plan in which the member 
records his own attendance automatically. This is 
done in the following way: A box containing cards 
bearing the members' names, arranged alphabetically 
and classified according to the gymnasium class in 
which he is enrolled, is placed on the desk at the gen- 
eral office. As the member passes by the desk he 
takes the card bearing his name. This admits him to 
the physical department. He takes this card to the 
attendant in charge who sits at a desk containing three 
different slots, one marked " gymnasium," the other 
"swimming pool," the other "baths." He drops the 
card in the slot, indicating the activity he intends to 
engage in. At the close of the day or at the begin- 
ning of the next, the attendant checks up the attend- 
ance from the cards and thus has a record not only of 
the attendance of the man, but of the privilege he 
used and it takes little bookkeeping to do it. 

Before admisson to the privileges of the department 
all applicants should undergo a vital examination 
by a physician. 

Sometimes a temporary ticket of admission to the 
physical department is issued which later is exchanged 
for a permanent ticket. Passes are often given to per- 
mit individuals to visit the department or to use some 
privilege. No one should be permitted to enter the 



60 PHYSICAL WORK 

department without a ticket or pass. Such rules must 
be enforced consistently, so that they become a part 
of the recognized procedure of the association. It is 
where laxness is permitted in the enforcement of the 
rules and where occasional returns to the rule are ob- 
served that most dissatisfaction and complaint results. 

Correspondence. All correspondence relating to the 
work of the department should be filed, either accord- 
ing to the name of the correspondent or according 
to the subject matter or both. Such correspondence 
should become permanent, so that subsequent physi- 
cal directors may have access to it. 

An enrollment and record of attendance should be 
kept of all classes and clubs. This should be done 
in such a way as to conserve time and effort. Differ- 
ent methods are used. In small classes the roll is 
called, but this cannot be done in large classes. 
Leaders of squads can help. One Association has a 
box hung at one end of the gymnasium containing 
brass checks with numbers hung on hooks. Each 
member of a class is given a number. As the class 
marches by the checks each member unhooks the check 
with his number and drops it in the box. Alongside 
of the checks is a list of the members of the class 
alphabetically arranged so that if a member forgets 
his number he can drop out of line and refer to the 
list. At the close of the class the attendance is quickly 
recorded from the numbered checks in the box. Those 
who are absent from the activities should be followed 
up persistently by personal call, telephone or mail. 

The International Committee has arranged a record 
book containing a statement of most of the activities 
of the department and providing space for the inser- 



BUSINESS METHODS 



6l 



tion of others. This makes possible a daily and 
monthly record, and also at the end of the book for 
a yearly summary covering three years. The head- 
ings are arranged in the order and number of those 
that appear in the year book blanks. The following 
are small reproductions of the pages in the book. 





















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PHYSICAL] WORK 



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Engaging assistants and special instructors. Assist- 
ants or special instructors should as a rule not be 
employed simply upon the recommendation of their 
ability as instructors, if the individual in question is 
not a Christian or does not have Association ideals. 



BUSINESS METHODS 63 

Generally speaking one who is making a living by 
contests in wrestling or boxing should not be employed. 
Do not employ a man accustomed only to coaching 
experts. There are rare exceptions to this rule. 

All the work should be done by full time assistants. 
Therefore, secure assistants with a specialty in addi- 
tion to a good general knowledge of the work. The 
full cost of any special instruction should be covered 
by a separate fee. 

In selecting assistants and instructors the following 
qualifications should be considered: 

First, they should be earnest, conscientious and hard 
working, and Christian in character. 

Second, they should be natural mixers, leaders, 
with a special interest in the relationship of physical 
training to health, efficiency, character and the reli- 
gious life. 

Third, they should have technical knowledge that 
will qualify them for Christian leadership as organi- 
zers, leaders, instructors, in giving men and boys per- 
sonal advice. 

Fourth, they should be expert in some specialty. 

Class detail. Classes should be organized to meet 
the needs of the community and membership as to 
hours of meeting and number, with a gradation similar 
to that adopted by the Physical Directors' Society as 
follows : 

Grammar school — 12 to 14 years. 

Grammar school — 14 to 16 years. 

High School Freshmen — older Grammar. 

High School — Upper Class Men. 

Employed boys — about 14 to 18. 

Young men — 18 and upward. 



64 PHYSICAL WORK 

Seniors. 

Business Men. 

Special Occupational Groups. 

General — ungraded . 

Leaders — wrestling, etc. 

All these groups can be further graded by provid- 
ing elementary, intermediate and advanced gradings 
within them. 

In those classes in the gymnasium which include 
instruction in heavy gymnastics, provision is made 
for the grading of the gymnastic work, at least into 
elementary, intermediate and advanced grades. The 
exercises provided by the Physical Directors' Society 
are the standard graded exercises of the association. 
The grading is done by dividing the men into squads, 
allowing often for several squads in one grade. Com- 
petent leaders are placed in charge of each squad, 
and work given well within the ability of the men in 
the respective squads. In the early grades the chief 
dosage is upon the legs, and the apparatus is used 
largely to get over and round about than to perform 
upon. The regular examinations for advancement 
in squad work should be given and promotion based 
upon such examinations. It is best to place a leader 
with an alternate in permanent charge of a squad 
rather than to change leaders constantly. 



BUSINESS METHODS 



65 



CLEM. } 

GRADE I 



SAMPLE ENROLLMENT CARD 



Name «• -.-., 

SQUAD 



Address, .^-.-r... ...... «.^,»,. 

SQUAD 



INT 

GRADE 



J ...nj^.^ow ADV. J ...v»*..»~ 

) „«~,.„ ~~.. GRADE J y ,1 11, , i, a 



Passed [.. 








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Passed i 


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OCTOBER 


. 

NOVEMBER 


DECEMBER 


JANUARY 


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W 


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LEADER'S INSTRUCTION CARD 

Leaders's Card Name 



DATE 



CLASS 



APPARATUS 



GRADE 



SERIES 



7 7-9-10 Phys. 



66 PHYSICAL WORK 

A sample lesson from the graded series. 

Horizontal Bar* 
Grade i-j 

1. Cross hand, R hand fwd — pull up to chin, head 
to R of bar. Opp side. 

2. Hang — release R hand and grasp L wrist — re- 
turn. Opp side. 

3. Hang — R thigh and leg flexed — release R hand 
and lower to side — return. Same L. 

4. Chin — jump hands to wide grasp — return. 

5. Reverse grasp — release L hand and with half 
L turn regrasp bar, continuing across. Same Opp. 

6. Hang — legs and thighs flexed — release R hand 
and lower to side — return. Opp side. 

7. Hang — step swds R — then L — again R — L — ■ 
down. 

8. Hang — legs and thighs flexed — extend R leg — 
return. Same L. 

9. Cross hand — R hand fwd, R thigh and leg flexed 
— release R and lower to side— return. Opp side. 

10. Hang — flex thighs and legs to limit. 

11. Hang — release L hand, grasp R wrist — pull 
up to chin, grasp bar with L hand. 

* Copyright 191 1, by the International Committee of Young Men's Christian 
Associations. 



BUSINESS METHODS 



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68 



PHYSICAL WORK 



REGISTRATION CARD FOR GRADED CLASSES 



Name Date 

Address 

Former Experience 

Former Grade Div 

Assigned Grade Div 



Dropped Cause 



TWO SAMPLE GYMNASIUM SCHEDULES 



CLASS 


MON. 


TUES. 


WED. 


THUR 


FRI. 


SATU 


Half-Hour Health Club for Men 
over » 




ttf 




5-5:45 
P.M. 






Young Business and Profes- 
sional Men and Students 


5:15—6 
P.M. 




5:15-6 
P.M. 




5:15-6 
P.M. 




Young Business and Profcs- 
•ional Men 


6:15—7 
P.M. 




6:15-7 
P.M. 




6:15—7 
P.M. 




Young Men 




8:15-9:30 
P.M. 




8:15-9:30 
P.M. 




8:15—8:30 
P.M. 


Intermediates 




3:30-4:30 
P.M. 




3:30-4:30 
P.M. 




10:15—11:45 
A.M. 


Juniors 


3:30—4:30 
P.M. 




3:30-4:30 
P.M. 






10:15—11:45 
A.M.- 


Senior Leaders 




7:15-« 
P.M. 










Junior Leaders 








4:30-5 
P.M. 






Boxing and Wrastling 


7:30-8;30 
P.M. 












Basketball amd Baseball 






7:30-8:30 P. 
8:30—9:30 M. 




7:30-9:30 
P.M. 




rUndbsW 




6—7:15 
P.Mj 




6—7:30 
P.M 




P.M. 



BUSINESS METHODS 



69 



MEN 



Dormitory .... ... 

Noon 

Business Men.._ 

Business Men 

Special -... 

Busy Men.... 

Educational 

Senior A 

Senior B 



Athletics 8 Games 

Swimming ... 

Wrestling 

Leaders 



Physical .Exams. 

BOYSDBPT. 

Boys A - 

Boys B --— ~« 

Junior 

Nignt Junior A.... 
Night Junior B .... 

Students .-. 

Junior Leaders.... 
Night Jr. Leaders 
Swimming Club .. 

Boys A Swim 

Boys B Swim 

Junior Swim z... 

Night Jr. Swim„.. 

Physical Exams. 



MONDAY 



6 15 to 7 00 



12 15 to 12 45 
5 15 to 6 15 

5 00 to 6 00 

6 15 to 7 15 
4 15 to 5 15 
8 00 to 9 15 



4 00 to 5 00 
7 00. to 8 00 



3 15 to 4 15 



3 00 to 4 00 



TUESDAY 



WEDNESDAY 



12 l5tol2 45. 
5 15 to 6 15 



00 to 9 15 

00 to 900 



7 00* to 8 00 



3 40 to 4 30 



5 46 
7 00 
7 45 



7 45 to 8 15 



4 30 
8 00 



THURSDAY 



5 00 to 6 00 

6 15 to 7 15 
15 to 5 15 



8 15 to 9 40 
8 15 to 9 15 

7 15 to 8 15 
4 00 to 5 00 



3 15 to 4 15 



3 00 to 4 00 



6 15 to 7 00 
12 l5to 12 45 
5 15 to 6 15 , 

5 00 to 6 00 

6 15 to 7 15 
4 15 to 5 15 



8 00 to 9 15 



7 00 to 8 00 



3 40 to 4 30 



6 15 

7 00 



4 30 



to 7" 00 
to 7 45 

to 5 30 



7 00 
3 00 
7 00 



to 7 30 
to 4 00 
to 8 00 



FRIDAY 



SATURDAY 



8 00 to 9 15 



4 00 to 5 00 
7 00 to 8 00 



......... .....„ frl „. 

3 15 to 4 15 






3 00 to 4 00 



8 00 to 9 40 



4 00 to 6 00 



MO to 10 50 
*9 00to9 50 
* 11 to 12 



3 00 to 4 00 
•10 30 to 11 
*9 30 to 10 00 
*11 30 to 12 

*9 00toll30 



• Designates Morning Sessions. 

Locker records. Fees for lockers may be included in 
the general membership fee rather than as a separate 
fee. If the membership fee does not cover locker 
rental, the locker lease should terminate at the time 
the membership renewal is due. All fees should be 
paid at the main office and lockers either given out 
there, or the physical department office should issue 
them on presentation of receipt. No locker should 
be assigned until the physical examination is made. 

If combination locks are used there should be, 
first, a numerical file of the company's combination 
cards; second, a file including the numerical file of 
lockers with lock numbers and combinations, the 



70 PHYSICAL WORK 

name of the locker holder, with date of expiration 
entered. These cards should never be removed from 
their place in the file except for posting; third, an 
alphabetical classification of the names of locker 
holders should also be made so that it will be easy to 
discover what locker any member holds; or this ma- 
terial may all be recorded on the examination card; 
fourth, for those holding combination locker, slips or 
cards containing combinations should be given as 
shown on page 71. 

Letter announcements of expirations of lockers 
and follow-up postals containing announcement of 
the removal of contents of lockers within thirty 
days after expiration, and that the clothes will be 
stored and held for sixty days, may be used. These, 
however, should be stated in courteous terms so 
as not to needlessly antagonize the former member. 
A careful system of marking and storing clothing 
must be developed. 

Renewals should be turned in from the main office. 
Either combinations may be changed or locks trans- 
ferred in changing locker holders. Where key locks 
are used they should be in the care of an attendant 
who keeps the keys on a board at the entrance to the 
locker room, the member depositing his ticket for 
the same upon entering and leaving the key to secure 
his ticket upon leaving. 

Sale of clothing and supplies. The question as to 
whether an Association should sell gymnasium cloth- 
ing is a debatable one. Its advantages are; conveni- 
ence of members, aid in establishing a uniform costume 
where this is desired, and a source of income. The 
possible disadvantages are those incidental to selling 



BUSINESS METHODS 71 



LOCKER NO. 



TO UNLOCK. 

1 — Push knob in and turn to the right or left 
(as the case may be) until it comes to a stop. 

2 — Turn knob in opposite directions the fol- 
lowing clicks (no click for fractions.) 

3 — Pull out the knob with slight left turn, 
turn to right. 

4. Turn handle to the left and open the door. 

TO LOCK. 

1 — Close door, throw handle down hard. 

2 — Turn knob left, push in and turn left and 
right. 

Try locker before leaving so as to make sure 
it is locked. 



Valuables should be left at the main office. 
Lockers are but a means of convenience and the 
management does not hold itself responsible for 
losses. 

If you cannot open your locker, ask the clerk 
or one of directors to assist you. 

HINTS 

1 — To get satisfactory results, one should 
plan to exercise not less than three times per 
week in the gymnasium. 

2 — Go to the bath immediately after exercise 
and take a warm shower first, then cool the water 
gradually to cold. 

3 — A three minute shower and a five minute 
rub produces excellent results. 

4 — Exercise should be supplemented with 
sufficient sleep, good ventilation everywhere and 
proper food properly eaten. 



72 PHYSICAL WORK 

goods, dissatisfaction of members with the quality 
supplied. It is often unwise, especially in small 
cities, to compete with business firms. Physical 
directors or other employees should not manage 
such as a business venture, a form of personal income, 
nor have such apply on their salary. 

Renting of towels. Arrangements should be made 
to rent towels to members and usually a rate of 
two for five cents, six tickets for ten cents, or twelve 
tickets for a quarter is a sufficient charge. Some 
arrangement should be perfected by which towels are 
returned immediately after using, otherwise they 
will collect in lockers and losses will be considerable. 
Soap also should be on sale. Many Associations 
now furnish very small cakes at a penny each. 

Good housekeeping. By diligent attention any man 
will learn to quickly detect dirt and demand clean- 
liness. A man's success is frequently measured by 
the way he keeps his department. A well kept place 
has a direct moral effect upon the members, and 
upon the directors as well. 

Janitors. If the organization is small and employs 
no superintendent of building, the physical director 
should have under his charge a janitor for a certain 
period — scarcely ever less than one man's full time. 
The physical director, unless the janitor is very un- 
usual, will have to systematize and supervise his 
work, telling him just what and how to do it. There- 
fore, a physical director should know methods of 
cleaning. In large Associations the janitor force is 
under the direction of an expert building superin- 
tendent and though the physical director may say 
"Keep the department clean and in repair," he will 



BUSINESS METHODS 73 

in many cases have to suggest ways and means, and 
should have the janitors responsible to him for action 
in emergencies. 

Repairs. Nothing affects the membership more 
than things out of repair. The apparatus should be 
inspected daily and repairs made immediately. 

The following hints on the care of the department 
are given: 

The first essential of a gymnasium is that it should 
be clean. The floor should be swept thoroughly 
every day. Wet sawdust sprinkled on the floor will 
allay dust and make it cling to the broom or brushes. 
An oil-soaked cloth cover on the broom will also 
collect the dust, and in addition, give to the floor a 
freshened appearance. The floor should be mopped 
weekly. All the apparatus, both fixed and movable, 
should also be dusted daily with a moist cloth, not 
a duster. The running tracks need a daily sweeping, 
and the mats should be swept daily and beaten at 
least once a week. Painted mats do not absorb the 
dust so readily and are easily cleaned. The mats 
of every gymnasium should be sterilized periodically. 

Before the fall opening of the physical department, 
the walls should be washed with a bichloride solu- 
tion, and every nook and corner of the gymnasium 
thoroughly cleansed. A similar application should 
be made to the lockers, which should be scrubbed 
inside and out and all dusty clothes removed. At 
the end of the season is really not adequate — it ought 
to be done oftener. 

Early in the fall all the openings of the room should 
be made air-tight and the gymnasium submitted 
to a thorough fumigation of formaldehyde. For 



74 PHYSICAL WORK 

this purpose a solution of six ounces of permanganate 
of potash to a pint of formaldehyde for every thou- 
sand cubic feet of space should be used. 

The use of non-spilling cuspidors, containing a 
germicide preparation, or better still running water 
cuspidors, should be furnished. These should be 
cleansed daily. 

Particularly should the use of the swimming tank 
be guarded with reference to expectoration due to 
the strangulating effect of accidental swallowing of 
water. The use of swimming suits or trunks of any 
kind should not be permitted, and a soap bath in- 
sisted upon. The tank should be emptied and scrubbed 
every day unless the water circulates through a 
filter. Occasional applications of hydrochloric acid 
should be applied to discolored tile. If impracti- 
cable to renew the water in the tank daily, if should 
be done by all means each alternate day, unless a 
modern filtration system is installed which will keep 
the water in a constant state of cleanliness. 

Strict precaution should be used with reference 
to absolutely refusing individuals having skin dis- 
eases of a contagious character to use the baths. 

Watch should be kept for signs of venereal dis- 
eases. In addition men with weak hearts should 
not be permitted to use the swimming bath. 

Men subject to fainting spells or epileptic fits 
should be denied the use of the department unless 
closely supervised. Bathrooms and locker room 
floors should receive a daily mopping. Urinals and 
closets should receive not only a cleansing, but the 
seats should be washed with an antiseptic prepara- 
tion. Sanitary fountains should displace public 



BUSINESS METHODS 75 

drinking vessels, and roller towels displaced by in- 
dividual towels. 

The mouthpiece of the spirometer in the examina- 
tion room should be washed with a tasteless anti- 
septic solution before using, and mouthpieces should 
be non-absorbent. 

A sterilizing room may be installed where towels 
and clothing can be submitted to a thorough treat- 
ment. 

Most gymnasiums are kept too warm. They should 
be kept cool and the air fresh and invigorating. A 
temperature of not over 65 degrees is advisable. 
The bathrooms should be warm but not stuffy. Where 
possible, baths should not be located in the same 
room as lockers, as the air becomes oppressive with 
the humidity. Every morning open all windows in 
the gymnasium and locker rooms for thorough venti- 
lation. Partitions and obstacles that keep out the 
sunlight and air should be avoided. 

Dirt, darkness, dust and foul air are the enemies of 
health. Cleanliness should be the first principle. 
An equipment that is not elaborate may be exceedingly 
attractive, if clean. 



VI 
ADVERTISING 

The ways and means of keeping the work of the 
physical department before the members and the 
general public is a problem not easy to solve. There 
are certain fundamental principles that must be 
kept in mind constantly. First and uppermost in 
the mind of the physical director must be a desire 
for a well balanced work both in his own estimate 
of it and in the publicity given it. 

There are certain forms of sport that will easily 
find a prominent place on the sporting page of the 
newspaper which may attract only a certain few 
of the membership, but to the casual reader it appears 
to be the chief work of the physical department 
of the Association. Again there are phases of work 
that will attract a large audience and to allow visitors 
to see only this form of work and see it frequently 
would again give them a one sided or unbalanced 
impression. 

The members themselves are not slow to see where 
emphasis is placed and what forms of work are given 
the greatest publicity, and unless the physical di- 
rector is careful to lay stress on the most deserving 
points in his work, men will lose interest or drop out 
of the Association, saying that partiality is being 
shown, or if they are in the advertised group begin 
to expect favors. If the class drills come first in 
importance, it may not be easy to get much newspaper 



ADVERTISING 77 

space for advertising them, but in the prospectus 
and on placards and notices and announcements 
this can be emphasized. 

The board of directors, the workers, the member- 
ship and the general public as far as possible should 
be impressed through the Association literature 
that there is a well balanced work being conducted 
and to accomplish this as has been said the director 
must himself have a very definite and clear convic- 
tion as to the real work of the department. 

The second great fundamental fact in advertising 
and in many ways above the first named is that it 
is the physical department of the Young Men's 
Christian Association. The public must not only 
be made to know that a scientific work is conducted, 
but that body building and Christian manhood is 
the goal. In this the Association differs from the 
average athletic club where winners and star per- 
formers may be the outstanding features. 

A third factor in successful advertising is to put 
all matter in an attractive form. Good type, good 
paper and good English are three essentials to good 
advertising. Then in these days when time is so 
valuable and advertising so general, the material 
must be arranged in such form as to catch the eye 
and command attention. For this purpose good 
pictures are an excellent help, for if they are well 
selected the reader can see an illustrated proof of 
the argument advanced, and more lasting impres- 
sions are made than by a solid mass of reading 
material no matter how carefully worded. 

Persistency is the fourth essential. Business firms 
have come to expect to do the same kind of advertising 



78 PHYSICAL WORK 

over and over again to get results. The work must 
be kept constantly before the public, and to this 
end a systematic method should be followed. The 
material and style of presentation should be changed 
frequently. The merits of the work should be con- 
stantly kept before the supporters of the Associa- 
tion, the young men of the community and the entire 
population of the district or city. 

The fifth point is honesty. This is the best policy 
in Association work, as well as in everything else. 
Nothing should be promised which cannot be ful- 
filled. Figures should be stated as they really are 
rather than as they ought to be. The temptation to 
deal in glittering generalities in order to attract 
attention must be overcome. 

As to ways and means of advertising, first in im- 
portance is the general Association prospectus. This 
is issued annually probably by almost if not all As- 
sociations. It is the one general guide and hand 
book of all the Association activities and each de- 
partment is allotted a certain space in it. The physi- 
cal department is deservedly given a generous space 
and this affords a splendid medium for stating quite 
definitely almost all the plans and schedules, and 
the calendar for the season, as well as for describing 
the facilities for the various phases of activity in the 
department. 

In addition to the general prospectus many Asso- 
ciations issue a special physical department pro- 
spectus or circular. When the department is well 
written up in the general prospectus opinions differ 
as to the wisdom of going to the added expense of 
printing a special department circular. Circum- 



ADVERTISING 79 

stances alter cases, however, and a departmental 
prospectus can deal with the subject of exercise and 
recreation in detail. 

Window cardboard posters are expensive, but are 
splendid advertising. If they contain attractive 
illustrations it will catch the eye of the passer-by 
and a moment's glance will tell him of many of the 
features conducted by the department. Illustra- 
tion number one is copy of a poster used by one Asso- 
ciation. The other is a poster furnished to Associa- 
tions by Association Press. 

The posters should be placed with discrimination 
choosing places where young men pass in large num- 
bers and where they are most likely to attract atten- 
tion. 

The newspapers need to be cultivated systemati- 
cally and continuously and given news matter regu- 
ularly. While reporters will often gladly write up 
events and news items, it is always wise for the di- 
rector to either write the material himself or get a 
safe man to do it, so that the public will get the 
right interpretation. The newspapers will use most 
material if it is well written, and when items appear 
frequently in the press it has a double effect: it im- 
presses the members with the fact that the Associa- 
tion is alive and thus enlarges their interest, and it 
also reaches the public in the surest and easiest way. 
The time taken in preparing articles for the papers 
is very well spent and is certain to yield valuable 
returns. 

It is difficult to say much as to advertising special 
features. When tickets of admission are sold in 
advance it is well to state on them certain of the 





v ■:• -: 

.. ■:.. 



YM-OA 
GYMb 



MODERN STRAIN 

by scientific training in 

GRADED CLASSES; 

or by individual exercise j 

EXPERT DIRECTOR! 



ADVERTISING 8 1 

most attractive features of the program. To advertise 
an Association circus, " throw arounds" seem to 
prove more effective than handbills. When events 
follow one another in rapid succession advertising 
matter of odd size, color and reading are a help. 

Our next word on the subject relates to advertis- 
ing inside the Association building. It is a most 
difficult task in Associations with a large member- 
ship to get the men to read signs. If notices are 
posted everywhere many will not look at any of 
them because they become accustomed to seeing 
so much miscellaneous matter. If few signs are used 
it is hard to locate them where all the members pass 
and thus a middle ground must be sought to be 
effective. A few signs arranged in an attractive and 
unique style, and generally located in certain desig- 
nated places is perhaps most effective. Too many 
spoil the general appearance of the department. 
Some strongly advocate a bulletin board on which 
only live and attractive matter is allowed to appear. 
The following diagram illustrates a bulletin board 
which is attractive and assists the men to read the 
thing that most interests them. This board if about 
three feet wide and six or eight feet long will hold 
almost if not all of the most active Association's 
material when it is carefully arranged under the 
heads most needed. 



Baseball 


Basketball 




Athletics 


Swimming 









82 PHYSICAL WORK 

When the membership is classified so that the di- 
rector has lists of men interested in each sport, entry 
blanks, tickets or " throw arounds," etc., may be 
mailed to them ; this is very effective although expen- 
sive advertising. 

Reports and statements. The live director is anx- 
ious to keep his department committeemen fully 
informed as to the work of the department and he 
will send frequent reports and statements to them. 
He will further realize the value of sending to possi- 
ble contributors reports, statements and programs. 
He will likewise mail matter to prospective members 
and cultivate those in the membership who have 
qualities for effective leadership, so that at some 
future time they may be tied up to some service. 

The physical director who advertises honestly 
and freely will of course be careful to conduct an 
efficient work and because his work is carried out 
conscientiously will find support from the most un- 
looked-for sources. He will find it increasingly 
easy to promote new and untried ventures. He will 
by being thorough win the confidence of the public 
as well as their moral and financial support. 

The selling of the special privileges of the de- 
partment should follow very largely the salesmanship 
plan. In other words, the physical director should 
have available some man who has salesmanship 
ability to whom he can go and whom he can enlist 
in the selling of special privileges at special times. 
In this way each privilege can be brought to its 
highest rate of utilization efficiency. By this method 
it would appear that all activities that have selling 
value could be immediately increased in proficiency. 



ADVERTISING 83 

For illustration, a business man's class may be 
working at only fifty per cent its possible enrollment. 
A salesman who was acquainted with the privileges 
of such a class could undertake to sell such privileges 
to men who need them and for whom they are in- 
tended and thus the class be brought to its maximum 
capacity. The Association has goods to sell, but 
often lacks the efficient salesman. Furthermore, 
the vacant hours might be utilized by developing 
new groups for those hours, such as church groups, 
school groups — private or public — or industrial groups 
for which special classes can be organized and special 
work planned. 



VII 

MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS AND THE MEDI- 
CAL STAFF 

It is important that every member be given a 
medical examination before participating in the 
physical department activities. There are several 
reasons for this. First, by this it is determined 
whether the new member is in physical condition 
to take part in the regular work, and whether he 
should avoid certain forms of exercise or emphasize 
others. Second, the examining room affords a natural 
place for giving personal consultation regarding 
hygienic habits. Many need advice regarding the 
care of the teeth, diet, posture, bathing, the types of 
exercise needed and the conserving of nervous force. 
Third, by means of the examination it is possible 
to discover whether communicable diseases exist, 
and to prohibit those having such from using the 
privileges. 

It is the Association's duty to protect men who 
are already members from exposure and infection. 
Fourth, the specific interests of new members can 
be discovered. This will guide the physical director 
in grouping men according to their natural interests. 

It is generally accepted that the examination should 
include the teeth, digestive tract, heart, circulation, 
nervous system, nose and throat, lungs, skin, posture 
and the discovery of abnormal conditions in general, 
such as hernia, varicocele, flat feet and sexual dis- 



MEDICAL STAFF AND EXAMINATIONS 85 

orders. Some Associations also examine the eyes, 
ears and kidneys. The recording of measurements 
is of secondary importance and many do not take 
other than weight and height. If members desire 
measurements a second appointment is made for this 
purpose. 

The examination should be made by men of medi- 
cal training, or directors who have sufficient medical 
knowledge and experience to qualify them as diag- 
nosticians. Associations should have, if possible, 
an organized medical staff composed of reputable 
Christian physicians. Such men are usually avail- 
able. The members of the staff should be given 
definite periods (part of one afternoon or evening 
each week) to make examinations. Some Associa- 
tions send the members to the office of the physician. 
There may be conditions where this plan is wise. 
Certainly it is easier for the staff members. As a rule 
it is considered much better to have examiners come 
to the building. 

In all cases it should be clearly understood that 
such physicians should serve without fee and without 
the necessary idea of securing professional practice, 
though naturally young men who need medical 
attention and who do not have a family physician, 
will often apply to a member of the staff for treat- 
ment when such is needed. 

After the staff has been formed how shall interest 
be maintained? First, appointment sheets should 
be made in advance, giving the hours for examina- 
tions and the men who are to make them. Upon 
these sheets all appointments are placed allowing 
about twenty minutes for each examination. Second, 



86 PHYSICAL WORK 

staff members should always be notified if there are 
no appointments scheduled for their periods. Physi- 
cians are busy men and soon lose interest unless 
their time is conserved. Third, it is a good plan to 
have occasional meetings of the staff to discuss the 
work and to interest them in special studies of peculiar 
conditions discovered in the examinations. Fourth, 
they can be used for health talks or lectures on first 
aid to the injured, in the building, in churches, fac- 
tories and other places. They can cooperate also 
in securing the services of other physicians in such 
service. Fifth, they should be kept thoroughly 
informed about the activities of the department, so 
they can talk intelligently with new members about 
the various features of the work. 

Upon making an appointment with a member it 
is the usual plan to provide him with a personal 
history card upon which numerous questions are 
asked and the examination hour is stated. Some 
Associations have cards with such questions on one 
side and a place for recording the diagnosis on the 
other. This method simplifies the system. After 
the examination has been made these cards should be 
given to the director to look over and file. The 
examiner may then fill out a small card, stating that 
the applicant has been examined and found qualified 
for general exercise and is now entitled to a locker. 
The member may then present this for a locker as- 
signment and for his prescription of special exercise, 
if such is necessary. The director can see by a glance 
at the diagnosis card whether special exercise is 
needed and if so what types will prove helpful. 

Physicians as a rule are not well informed about 



MEDICAL STAFF AND EXAMINATIONS 87 

the effect of certain types of exercise, and what 
specific pieces of apparatus will best bring about the 
desired results; therefore the physical director should 
set the exercises. Appointments should be made 
for subsequent examinations where necessary. All 
cases for such later examinations should be followed 
up and the individuals notified in advance of their 
appointment. The examiner should also endeavor 
to discover in men and boys who come to him poten- 
tial qualifications for service and leadership and 
report the same. Many have found the examina- 
tion room a place for dealing with men in- a most 
personal way, and have used the opportunity for 
interesting men in religious matters. It will be seen 
that the work of the staff is very important and 
warrants careful consideration in organizing it. 



88 



PHYSICAL WORK 



SAMPLE 
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION BLANKS 



.Pull Name 



Address (Business). 



Your appointment (or physio*! examination ia at 1L. at the physical 

Director's Office. Please fill out thia blank and bring it with you at that time. (These data are considered strictly private and 
are asked for that you may be given work in the gymnasium that ia best suited to you, directions for which wilLbe.ghreo later. 

PERSONAL HISTORY 

D»te_ ^ »| — 

Birth, year month day of month; Harried or Ri "g'«t 



Nationality of father?. 



.Mother?. 



Health of father, mother, brothers and sisters:. 

1, If affected with any, dangerous disease of long standing. roectiocT.U 

2. If dead, of what disease did each die? 



Your -early life— city 'or %oun try*. 



Physical characteristics — more like father or. mother? 

What diseases of a serious character haye'you had? 

How many hours do you sleep? Hours in, the open* 

Have, you used tobacco? 



Strains, injuries or operations?. 

fi»i*mn1»nt«T 



Present occupation- and number of hours?. 
Favorite exercise? 



. Previo.ua kind; of- work? . 



.Other forms practiced?. 



Favorite recreation or hobby? __ , 

What courses ia physical training haye.'you .taken? 
Bow much and what exercise are you taking now? 
Remarks , — — 



Living at home or boarding?. 



Copyright ISQi 



The F. A. Baaaette Go . bpnagftttd, Mas* 



No, 

Full Nakb 



MEASUREMENTS 

Address 



DATE 



Weight . 



Trunk Length mac 

(Epistenul.) oe 
Height *itti« T .. - || 




MO, DA MR 



,|oa|. 




Lang Capacity. 



Strengths 
Fore Arm 
Back i. i .jqnw 

Legs.......... 

Blood Pressure 
Horizontal....... 



POSTTJliB 

Shoulder* . 

8pine_ 



PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS 



SPECIAL 



CIRCULATION 
Heart 



Thorax- 
.Legs & Feet. 



I MUSCULATURE". 



.Blood Vessels. 



4T RERVOUS SYSTEM 



Normal Pulse 
Horizontal _ 



Pulse after ex. (20 squats) 
, Horizontal 



CD RESPIRATION 

Condition of lungs. 

IV sTUTRITIOI 



Type of reap.. 



HI GENERATIVE ORGANS. 

IV HERNIA 

REMARKS 



▼ INJURIES 4» DEFORMITIES. 



NfwYeii: wtatfsfitfiScreet-ASSQCIATigW 



VIII 
CLASS ORGANIZATION 

Given a group of men and boys ranging in age from 
twelve to fifty, or older, for whom gymnasium class 
work, is to be arranged, what shall be the schedule and 
how shall it be arranged on a sound physiologic and 
social basis, and having arranged a schedule, what 
work shall be given each class, are problems every 
physical director must solve. 

In order to accomplish the best results there are 
several considerations which he must have in mind. 
First, what are the needs of the men and boys. Are 
there any who have common needs, and if so, can a 
certain grade of work be made to meet the needs of 
the entire class. Practically all Associations have a 
special department for boys from twelve to sixteen 
or eighteen years of age. 

The first question then is how shall these be grouped 
and what shall be the general character of work given 
them. That boys are not small men is a fact long 
since clearly proven. That boys of twelve years of 
age are not small sixteen year old lads is likewise true. 
This being the case there should not only be a division 
between the men and boys, but also between the 
younger and older boys, for their unlikeness makes 
their needs different and hence requires a different 
grade of work. 

We shall first discuss the younger boy. As we have 
said the boy is not a small edition of a man. His 



90 PHYSICAL WORK 

proportions are different, the size and development 
of his organs do not bear the same relation to each 
other as do those of the adult. Work must be given 
the boy which will suit his comparatively small heart 
and internal organs and his proportionately large 
musculature. Similarly, the older boy, whose pro- 
portions are different must have exercise applied to 
meet his needs. This is sound physiology. 

Furthermore, the psychologic and utilitarian aspect 
of exercise and training must be kept in mind. The 
boy, be he a youth or a lad, is storing away knowledge 
that must serve him in adult life. Youth is the period 
of preparation for manhood and hence he must be 
taught exercises that will serve him later in life. 
Right physical habits should be established. 

In arranging* the work for boys then the syllabus 
must include all the things they should know in man- 
hood, but given to them in a way that fits into their 
physiological development. This means a broad 
program including gymnastics, athletics, swimming, 
calisthenics and games, taught in such manner as to 
fix their attention and remain in their memory, so 
that when they come to manhood they will have 
acquired a physical equipment and a type of training 
that will afford them recreation and mental relaxation, 
as well as active physiological stimulation. The work, 
of course, must be given in such manner as not to 
violate the physiological function and applied to his 
need as a younger or older boy. 1 

The Omaha conference of the Physical Directors' 

1 The Physical Directors' Society has published a physical efficiency test for 
boys printed in pamphlet form, which contains an outline of a broad and sug- 
gestive work for boys. To this test a well selected number of games should be 
added for best results. 



CLASS ORGANIZATION 9 1 

Society in 1909 placed itself on record with reference 
to certain very definite regulations pertaining to 
boys' work. The following is culled from the minutes 
of several sessions of that conference : 

1. Because of the great dangers of injury from inju- 
dicious work, compulsory examinations should be 
insisted upon at regular intervals for every boy taking 
part in outside competition. 

2. Every effort should be made to make the work 
yield intellectual and moral training. The principles 
of clean sport, with all that it means of fair play and 
courtesy to opponents, should be strongly inculcated. 

3. The grouping of boys for contests and games 
should be according to physiological rather than chron- 
ological age. 

4. Team games and contests in general should be 
recommended more strongly than individual contests. 

5. We recommend that the following events shall 
be entered into with great care: Football, lacrosse, 
ice hockey, water polo, long distance relay racing 
under competition, and the following entirely avoided: 
Marathon runs, sustained effort in and under the 
water, excessive training for basket ball and track 
athletics, competitive long distance running. The 
following regulations of sports for boys being: 
(a) The longest regulation sprint race for boys 
should be fifty yards; (b) for juniors, seventy-five 
yards ; (c) no adolescent who is not past the pubescent 
stage should run sprint races longer than 100 yards; 
(d) cross country running is beneficial when taken at 
a slow pace and without competition ; (e) that basket 
ball be discouraged for boys of the prepubescent age, 
but if played, the time of continuous play should not 



92 PHYSICAL WORK 

be longer than five minutes for boys, ten minutes for 
juniors, fifteen minutes for intermediates, and that 
but two games will be allowed each week, including 
practice games. 

6. Athletic contests and games (either or both) 
should be made an integral part of the daily gymna- 
sium work. It can best be accomplished through the 
group contest method. 

7. That in devising a plan for conducting boys' 
classes a fairly large proportion of the time of the class 
periods should be given to organized play, carefully 
arranged so as to impart progressively and system- 
atically the desired learning. 

8. That gymanstic games for boys be classified under 
two general heads, viz: (a) games suited to all boys of 
all ages, and (b) games suited to physiological age 
groups which latter must be subdivided into three 
divisions as follows : (1) Prepubescent group — individu- 
alistic games which require no cooperation or team 
work, such as tag and black man ; (2) pubescent group 
— games which require but slight cooperation, such 
as dodge ball, ground ball and group games; (3) late 
adolescent period group, where team work is essential. 

The above was supplemented by the report of a 
special committee adopted by the Society at the meet- 
ing at Silver Bay, New York, in June, 1912. 

A Syllabus of Physical Work for Boys for the 

Indoor Season 

1. Terms (will vary somewhat with local condi- 
tions and climate). 

First term — Monday following Labor Day to 
December 31st. 



CLASS ORGANIZATION 93 

Second term — January 1st to March 31st. 

Third term — April 1st to June 30th. 

Fourth term — July 1st to Monday following 
Labor Day. 
2. Work. It does not seem practical to outline a 
schedule showing in detail when each phase of work 
had best be promoted, as location, climate and local 
conditions will of necessity require variation. We do 
believe the following should be covered during the 
course of each year. We cannnot give in detail the char- 
acter of work for each group of boys, e. g., basket ball 
is too strenuous for the younger boys and certain pieces 
of gymnastic apparatus must not be used, or if used, 
great care should be exercised. The application must 
be left to the discretion of each director. 

The work may be included under two heads with 
sub-divisions as follows: 

a. Practical — 

(1) Calisthenics — marching, free work, dumb-bells, 
Indian clubs, wands and gymnastic dancing. 

(2) Apparatus work — mats, buck, horse, low bar, 
parallels, high bar and rings. 

(3) Games — hand ball, indoor baseball, volley ball, 
basket ball, bowling, with recreative games, such as 
circle ball, spot ball and hustle ball. 

(4) Athletics — running (qualified as already stated) , 
potato race, jumping, vaulting and climbing. 

(5) Aquatics — various strokes taught, diving, plung- 
ing, swimming on back and under water for very 
short distance, with some speed swimming at dif- 
ferent distances, making sure to adapt the sprints 
and long distance races to the strength and develop- 
ment of the group. 



94 PHYSICAL WORK 

(6) Specials — wrestling and boxing; if taught at 
all, to be carefully supervised and altogether avoided 
unless expert supervision can be given. 

(7) Exhibitions and entertainments — special efforts 
should be made to exhibit as far as possible all phases 
of the work to the parents and public, and that a 
sharp distinction be made between such public func- 
tions as are intended to amuse the audience and those 
that exhibit the work. Both have a place but it is 
only fair to the public that they may see the quality 
of work actually conducted by the Association. 
Frequent exhibitions are therefore strongly advised, 
and these may be supplemented by the more spec- 
tacular and entertaining features. 

b. Theoretical — 

(1) Hygiene. 

(2) First aid to the injured and resuscitation of 
apparently drowned. 

(3) Special work in pedagogy and gymnastics for 
leaders' corps and workers. 

(4) Grouping and use of physical department. 
When possible, there should be at least two divisions 

of the boys from twelve to sixteen and perhaps two 
divisions of older boys if they are reached by the boys' 
department. Conditions must finally determine and 
while physiological age, height, weight and chrono- 
logical age all have a bearing, we offer the following 
general classification : 

(a) Grammar school. 

(b) High school. 

(c) Employed. 

One or all may be sub-divided. The best work 
can be done with groups under fifty in number. 



CLASS ORGANIZATION 95 

Each group should have three periods of physical 
department work per week each of approximately 
ninety minutes' duration. Exception may be made 
for the older working boys (seventeen and eighteen 
years of age), who may be given more freedom. This 
would give (exclusive of holidays, and the summer 
term when outdoor work would predominate) a total 
of about 180 hours per season for the practical indoor 
work. 

The time given for each phase of work we recom- 
mend as follows: 

Practical Work 

Calisthenics 40 hours 

Games and free work 80 hours 

Gymnastics 20 hours 

Aquatics 20 hours 

Athletics 20 hours 

Total 180 hours 

Theoretical Work 

Hygiene, not less than 10 hours. 

First aid, not less than 5 hours. 

The day's order suggested is as follows : 

Free work 15 min 

Calisthenics 15 min 

Formal gymnastics, athletics or swimming 30 min 

Games 15 min 

Bathing 15 min 

Total 90 min 

It is not recommended that this day's order shall 
prevail every day, as it may be more feasible to spend 



96 PHYSICAL WORK 

an entire period in organized play, but it is offered as 
a program for the major part of the work. 

(5) Supervision. We would further urge, with a 
possible exception of the older groups, that during 
the entire time when boys are in the physical depart- 
ment they be under the supervision of competent 
adult leadership. 

(6) Medical examinations need hardly be empha- 
sized at this time, as they have been urged for years, 
but to be all-inclusive we urge that all new members 
be examined, and as far as possible subsequent 
examinations be made at intervals of not more 
than one year, and three months would be much 
better. 

(7) Religious work. No reference is made in this 
syllabus to religious work as such, as it is considered 
a work by itself. Every director should not only 
see to it that he is closely related to some definite 
religious work, but he should also stand responsible 
for interesting his leading workers in the definitely 
religious activities of the department. 

The work for young adults may well be a combina- 
tion of corrective work, educational work and contests. 
This group of men, who have practically all reached 
full maturity, must be given work which will correct 
faulty posture due to necessary or assumed unhygienic 
positions during business hours. They must get re- 
lief from the monotony and cares of business or profes- 
sional life. They must stir and stimulate the organs 
tending to become sluggish because of sedentary 
habits. 

To accomplish these results it will be necessary to 
have variety in the forms of work conducted because 



CLASS ORGANIZATION 97 

of difference in temperaments. Some will get excel- 
lent results from volley ball as recreation, while others 
would not be benefited by such a game, Some want 
recreation of the most active type and need it, 
while others get best results from slower and less 
strenuous games. For recreation and mental relaxa- 
tion, a variety of games is necessary. The place 
each is to occupy in the schedule is determined by 
the number of men in the class and the interest 
manifested. 

Corrective work to remedy postural defects is very 
necessary, and in the calisthenic drills considerable 
must be made of corrective movements. Apparatus 
work yields splendid corrective results when carefully 
directed. 

To increase the circulation and stimulate the func- 
tions of the body calisthenics, athletics, swimming 
and games are unequalled and they should all have a 
place in the schedule of work for young men. 

For the older business and professional men who 
have reached the point where the physical mechanism 
has lost its elasticity and where reaction is slower and 
where the entire physical organism is beginning to 
wane, a type of work must be devised that will meet 
the conditions. 

It must be remembered that these men for the most 
part lead very irregular and unhygienic lives, partly 
from the necessity of their business or profession and 
partly from choice. Numerous dinner engagements 
and irregular hours of eating have led us to believe 
that many overeat or eat food not at all appropriate 
to their mode of living. The large number of nervous 
breakdowns seem to indicate that many overwork 
7 



98 PHYSICAL WORK 

mentally. The overeating and mental overwork is 
usually accompanied by too little rest and sleep, and 
hence a sort of chronic fatigue ensues with its many 
associated ills. Add to all these a sluggishness due 
to insufficient exercise and we have a description of 
a large number of typical business and professional 
men in America. 

Considerable care must be displayed in urging exer- 
cise upon this class, as lameness or stiffness will quickly 
discourage them. Again strains may be easily brought 
about because of muscular weakness and flabbiness. 
The work must not be as vigorous or severe as their 
condition would indicate as necessary. The business 
man does not require a large amount of exercise. 
Most of the work will need to be of the recreative 
type so as to take the mind off business. Games are 
very valuable for this purpose. As has already been 
said severe work must be avoided. 

To accomplish best results with the older business 
and professional men they should in addition to phy- 
sical exercise be advised in reference to rest, sleep and 
diet, and their faulty habits corrected. 

Passing on now to the consideration of special 
groups of men the Association has in many instances 
opportunity to be of service. The preparation of 
men for the civil service examination, for the police 
or fire department, requires special organization. 
The requirements for such examination may be had 
from the city officials and the work carefully planned 
accordingly. 

Some times it is wise to form special classes for 
preachers, doctors, dentists and the like, to secure 
their interest and attendance. 



CLASS ORGANIZATION 99 

In the organization of groups in boxing, wrestling 
and fencing, care must be used in the selection of the 
teacher. Boxing is a splendid exercise, but requires 
careful supervision. Usually special fees are charged 
and these classes are held in separate rooms. 



IX 

RECREATION AND ATHLETIC 
COMPETITION 

In a well-balanced program of physical work recrea- 
tive activity will have a large place. Each class 
period should be arranged so as to make ample pro- 
vision for informal recreation. This can be secured 
in two ways. First, by introducing the recreative 
element into the various physical activities, and, sec- 
ond, by providing the more formal recreative games. 
In the former, recreative exercises can be introduced 
in some of the calisthenic exercises by using various 
athletic, boxing, fencing and wrestling attitudes or 
positions. The heavy apparatus can be used to 
get over and round about in rapid and informal 
fashion. 

Then all forms of play ideas can be introduced in 
connection with work usually having more formal 
usages, such as jumping over the elephant, relay 
races around the apparatus or around Indian clubs 
and using the medicine ball in various informal ways. 
The physical director, while in portions of his day's 
order will be formal, and insist upon erect carriage, 
and give heed to details in executing exercises on 
the part of his pupils, will always keep in mind that his 
work must be interesting and pleasing and attractive. 

From these very informal phases of exercise he will 
proceed to the use of games that have some form of 
organization, such as volley ball, battle ball, indoor 



RECREATION AND COMPETITION 101 

baseball, indoor hockey, ring hockey and basket ball. 
For class purposes these games must be modified so 
as to make use of the largest possible number of play- 
ers, provide adequate muscular activity, a minimum 
risk of injury and demand little skill. The fewer rules 
the better. Such games have the value of completely 
absorbing the interest of the players and of stimulating 
regular attendance. The games should not, however, 
displace other forms of activity which are essential. 
Occasional informal tournaments in different games 
will add greatly to the enthusiasm. 

Business men's classes can be divided into teams, 
and short time games played covering a brief series. 
Friendly rivalry is healthy and stimulates the social 
life of the group. A carnival made up of several 
varieties of games so as to encourage interest in all, 
and therefore in all-round development, is an excellent 
plan. In all such activity the participation of the 
least skilled must be encouraged, and provision made 
for them in the scheme of scoring and enrollment. 

From these informal types of recreation, it is a 
natural step to more formal competition. Some 
Associations find it a good practice to set aside a night 
or other definite period in the week for competitive 
games, and provide for inter-class competition, group 
games, membership athletic meets, with or without 
trophies. Friends of members are invited to witness 
the activities. Much is made in these days of exhibi- 
tion and informal contests in the swimming pool. 

So long as competition is confined to the member- 
ship, there is little difficulty in managing it, and the 
results are most beneficial. When, however, it is 
intended to extend competitive relations in athletics 



102 PHYSICAL WORK 

and sports to other organizations, the conditions are 
altered and more careful supervision is needed. The 
spirit of the contests often becomes tense, a higher 
degree of specialization is demanded, and a system of 
training on the part of the players required. 

Whenever a policy of open competition is decided 
upon it should be approved and supported by the 
physical department committee. The competitors 
and members of the teams must be acquainted with 
the practice decided upon by the Association in the 
regulation of such activities. Definite schedules for 
practice and for games must be outlined in advance 
and faithfully adhered to in practice. Many Asso- 
ciations have suffered severely because polices have 
not been framed in advance and conscientiously 
followed. In adopting a policy in reference to 
competitive athletics, the following should be insisted 
upon: 

Only men who truly represent in fair degree the 
Association ideals should be selected to represent the 
Association. The number of games to be played both 
in the Association building and elsewhere should be 
decided. The manner in which such athletes are to 
be selected should be made plain. In every case 
members in good standing only and who have been 
members for a reasonable period should be eligible. 
A complete understanding must be had in reference 
to the practice of the Association regarding travel- 
ing expenses, entry fees or honoraria of any sort. 
Too frequently groups or cliques of young men have 
formed in Associations which have demanded special 
privileges, undue attention and discrimination, and 
thus perverted the motive of such sports. Athletics 



RECREATION AND COMPETITION 1 03 

in the Association are justified only on the basis that 
they make for health and character. 

The physical director and the physical department 
committee must be acquainted with the correspond- 
ence and the plans of the managers of Association 
teams. Relations with other teams should be in ac- 
cordance with the amateur platform and the spirit 
stated in the pronouncement published in the hand- 
book of the Athletic League of Young Men's Chris- 
tian Associations of North America of which every 
Association should be a member. The Association 
should have relations with only those teams which 
in turn are related to some reputable governing body 
or institution except through special agreement with 
those not so related by which their amateur standing 
is ascertained. 

The members of the Association must be protected 
by the Association. Care must be exercised that only 
those in good physical condition participate. The 
zeal of some must be checked lest they overdo or 
over-emphasize the importance of sport, and permit 
it to take up too much of their time, strength and 
attention. 

When teams go away from the Association building 
they should be in charge of a responsible leader or 
manager. 

The physical director himself must not be carried 
away by the desire for victory, but should exemplify 
in his own bearing the ideal sportsman. 

When athletics are conducted in accordance with 
the foregoing suggestions they are the source of stimu- 
lation of good fellowship, a desirable social spirit and 
loyalty to the Association. 



104 PHYSICAL WORK 

The Conduct of Athletic Meets 

In connection with the conduct of an athletic meet, 
either indoor or outdoor, there is much of detail which 
must be kept in mind in preparation for the same. 
Forethought in reference to detail will save much in 
effort and confusion later. 

We are describing here a meet commonly known as 
an open meet, in which other organizations are asked 
to compete. 

Things to remember in advance are, (i) an adequate 
place; (2) the cost; (3) the character of the prizes; (4) 
the possibility of an adequate number of entries; 
(5) whether the date selected is non-conflicting and 
appropriate; (6) the increased effort which it 
will demand. These settled, then details must be 
considered. 

Printed matter. Entry blanks must be sent to 
athletic organizations and followed up and widely 
distributed. These should contain a clear statement 
of the date, place and events and the character and 
number of the prizes. Provision must be made to 
carefully file and number these entries as they are 
returned. The closing of entries must be announced 
on the blank, the date strictly adhered to, and fixed 
long enough in advance to allow for handicapping 
events and for insertion in the program. As promi- 
nent athletes enter much can be made of the fact in 
good newspaper publicity. This is the best form of 
advertising. Posters and street car signs may also 
be used to good advantage. Upon the receipt of each 
entry the competitor should be sent an admission 
card which will be an acknowledgment of his entry. 



RECREATION AND COMPETITION 105 

A careful record should be kept in a separate book 
of the number of each entrant, the fee paid and the 
events entered. 

Officials. These men should be selected with 
great care, and with reference to efficiency rather than 
to honor prominent individuals Most meets have 
too many officials and often too many that know 
nothing about officiating. Special care should be 
used in selecting the referee, the starter, the chief 
clerk of course and the judges of finish. Weakness 
in any one of these points may seriously mar the 
games, and make all other work of preparation count 
for naught. 

Days in advance the physical director should go 
over each item of the program and check up each ar- 
ticle needed. Little items, like finish tape, whistles, 
pistols and cartridges, stop watches, pins for com- 
petitors numbers, bars for the high jump standards, 
seem insignificant, but the absence of any will make 
for delay. 

The meet itself. The games should start on time 
and delays must not be tolerated. Some one person 
ought to be selected as the director of games whose 
sole duty it is to keep things moving. Many good 
meets have been spoiled by long drawn out and 
needless delays. The clerks should announce events 
long in advance to insure prompt appearance of 
athletes. 

Marshals are an important element and should 
be efficient. No one but those who are officials or 
competitors should be allowed in the enclosure and 
even the latter must be hustled off the field as soon 
as their event is over, though care must be exercised 



106 PHYSICAL WORK 

in providing a place for them where they can witness 
the games. They should receive courteous attention 
from the Association which is their host. 

A good announcer or bulletin board is an essential 
to the success of the meet. 



X 

PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EXHIBITIONS 
AND ENTERTAINMENTS 

The present prominence given to exhibitions and 
entertainments in the program of the physical depart- 
ment is the result of evolution and experience. The 
Association literature of twenty years ago is very 
emphatic in stating that there should be no enter- 
tainment features given, but that the exhibitions 
given should show regular work done in the physical 
department. Anything else was looked upon as 
spectacular and undignified. This point of view was 
not shared by directors who had in their Associations 
men of varying ability in different lines of physical 
activity. Especially since the rise of the play move- 
ment has the Association overcome the earlier notions. 
It has been found that entertainment, which is merely 
another word for "play" is as useful and as important 
in its place as more formal work. 

Therefore, at this time we have a variety of demon- 
strations in our physical departments, some of them 
purely of the exhibition type, but most of them of the 
entertainment type, or combining both features. 

Exhibition of class work. The exhibition of class 
work is the old type and still has a most important 
place in the work. The object is to demonstate to 
the public the work that the Association does every 
day in its gymnasium. This kind of an exhibition 
logically comes at times when the physical department 



108 PHYSICAL WORK 

needs to be advertised, that is at the beginning of the 
season's work, and perhaps at times when special 
groups of men are invited into the building for special 
advertising purposes. Obviously there is little need 
for preparation, the regular routine of class work is 
all that is necessary. 

The program is usually as follows: The assembly; 
a few simple marching evolutions; a calisthenic drill; 
squad work on apparatus; squad work in athletic 
events; mass class exercises by means of the whole 
class doing rapid work with gymnastic apparatus and 
on mats; games. Usually a program of this kind is 
extensive enough without introducing any special 
features. 

Closing exhibition. It is customary in many Asso- 
ciations to present an exhibition or a combination 
exhibition and entertainment near the close of the 
regular season's work. This type of exhibition may 
include some of the things in the " class work" exhibi- 
tion, and in addition special features, such as fencing, 
wrestling, tumbling, dancing, athletic events, literary 
and musical features. It may be held in the gymna- 
sium, but it is often held in a local theatre or large 
auditorium. A good strong committee to organize 
the finances and the advertising features, and be 
responsible for the details, is necessary. The physical 
director who attempts to manage the details of the 
exhibition himself makes a mistake. 

"Pops. " Frequently during the year, either weekly 
or bi-weekly, popular entertainments in the gymna- 
sium may be given. These can, and should be, varied, 
so as not to become monotonous. They should be made 
rather brief, not over an hour and a half. They 



EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS I09 

should be conducted by a special committee, large 
enough so that two or three members of the committee 
are held responsible for one night, two or three for 
another night, and so on. The physical department 
provides a great variety of activities that can be 
presented at such times, and it is possible to have 
weekly entertainments during the season without 
much duplication. 

In such programs there should be some musical 
features. In some places an amateur orchestra is 
used. Occasionally vocal and instrumental music 
may be included in the program. There should be 
one special drawing feature; one night it may be a 
basket ball game, another, indoor baseball, another 
volley ball, another foot ball and another one or two 
athletic events with some local rivals; at another 
time fancy gymnastics of different kinds, either 
apparatus work or special drills, dancing, club swing- 
ing and numerous other features that readily occur 
to the inventive physical director. 

In addition to the special event of the evening there 
may be literary and musical features, and any one 
of the items mentioned above that are not so expert 
as the special feature, something like an ordinary 
class on some apparatus work, might be introduced, 
or the display of some gymnasium games, not team 
games. There is no special object in limiting the 
talent to the Association. There are in most places 
friends of the Association who are glad to help at any 
time in a program of this kind. There may be some 
one who has a special act, such as trick bicycle 
riding, roller skating, fancy dancing, slack wire 
walking, sleight of hand, and an indefinite number 



110 PHYSICAL WORK 

of other things that the physical director may 
discover. 

Circus. As before stated twenty years ago anyone 
would look upon a circus as undignified, but now 
Associations over the country quite generally are 
conducting amateur circuses. The object is not to 
ape the professional circus, but to have a rousing good 
popular entertainment, in which may be included 
serious and comical features, with men in the member- 
ship or from the outside. This, when worked up 
properly, requires a large number of participants, 
and it is one of the best means of enlisting volunteer 
help. 

The kind of features to introduce are such as those 
mentioned above. There should be some serious 
features, such as horizontal and parallel bar work; a 
fancy drill of some kind; dancing and any special 
acrobatic work that may be had locally, such as tum- 
bling, slack wire walking, etc., and in addition to this 
there should be much made of the comic features or 
clown stunts. If space permits a side show may be 
included, refreshments and other auxiliary features 
found in the regular circus duplicated. 

To organize a successful circus, the physical depart- 
ment committee should get the help of special com- 
mittees on some such plan as the following: First, 
a business manager, who is an adviser and ex officio 
member of all committees; second, a treasurer who 
has charge of the printing and distributing of tickets ; 
third, an advertising committee to print and distribute 
window posters and signs, decorate wagons or autos, 
employ sandwich men to walk the street, write spicy 
articles for the papers every day for a week or two 



EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS III 

before the event, stressing special features in a popu- 
lar fashion, print and distribute hand bills; fourth, a 
program committee to get out a program, soliciting 
enough advertisements to pay for printing; fifth, a 
music committee which should secure an orchestra, 
have charge of the clown band and special musical 
numbers; sixth, a side show committee, to have 
entire charge of the usual side show features; seventh, 
ushers committee which will have seats marked in 
addition to their regular duties; eighth, clown com- 
mittee, which makes it its duty to get men to act in 
various comic stunts; this is a very important com- 
mittee and should require considerable preliminary 
training; ninth, the property committee, which has 
charge of all things that are necessary to be used in 
connection with the circus, such as clown suits, build- 
ing rings, setting up booths and decorations; tenth, 
refreshment committee, which has charge of order- 
ing and distributing peanuts, popcorn, lemonade and 
candy, providing the necessary salesmen and property; 
eleventh, there should be a company of canvas men 
whose duty it is to see that apparatus is put in place 
and removed as needed; twelfth, the main show com- 
mittee which sets up the main show features. 

If the above organization is carefully perfected a 
month before the circus there is no reason why a 
successful show could not be conducted in any com- 
munity. If the physical director attempts to do it 
all, it will be a small affair, and he will be overworked. 

Special gymnasium exhibition. This may include 
both exhibition and entertainment features in special 
gymnastics, such as fencing, wrestling, tumbling, danc- 
ing (but no boxing). In this type of a display the 



112 PHYSICAL WORK 

object is to give an evening to enthusiasts in these 
special features. These may be set up singly and an 
evening given to each, but usually they become 
monotonous because of the sameness, yet if music 
and literary features are introduced, this may be 
done successfully. 

Athletic exhibition. This does not mean purely an 
athletic meet, but as the term implies, an exhibition. 
This type of exhibition may have a program as follows : 
Assembly; an athletic drill, specially prepared, includ- 
ing most of the athletic events, the class all performing 
them together, such as the broad jump, shot put, dis- 
cus throw, sprinting, hop, step and jump, running 
high jump, running high kick, and other features that 
may be combined by a versatile physical director in 
class formation; squad formations in athletic events; 
and as final features perhaps two or three athletic 
contests of the most spectacular kind, such as pole 
vaulting and relay racing. There may also be intro- 
duced some humorous features, such as obstacle 
races and even some clown features. 

Game night. This event may include a demon- 
stration as well as a contest in various indoor team 
games, such as basket ball, baseball, indoor hockey, 
indoor football, volley ball, hand ball, hand polo and 
various gymnasium games, such as three deep, tag, 
circle ball, captain ball, hand tennis, tether ball, 
Indian clubs, wrestling, Indian club race and medi- 
cine ball race. Enough material is usually available 
for entertainment covering several nights. 

Aquatics. An aquatic entertainment and exhibi- 
tion may be given in the swimming pool in which not 
only the usual races are displayed and contested, such 



EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS 113 

as plunging, long distance swimming, under water 
swimming, but also a demonstration by some local 
celebrity in fancy swimming, fancy diving or floating. 
There may be included to excellent advantage demon- 
strations in life saving and resuscitation, also water 
games, such as water polo, water basket ball, water 
baseball. 

Outside talent exhibition. The Association may give 
an exhibition or entertainment, using largely, if not 
entirely, outside talent, non-members of the Associa- 
tion, such as drills and apparatus work by German 
Turners, if there is such an organization in the city; 
fancy dancing steps and drills by ladies of the Young 
Women's Christian Association, or some other ladies' 
gymnasium; athletic events by some local athletic 
club ; demonstrations in wrestling or fencing by some 
local celebrity; or musical numbers by some local 
club. 

It may be well to state the place the physical director 
should have in relation to these various features. 
There is a well established sentiment that the physical 
director should not show himself in exhibitions, but 
let his work show through his pupils. The greatest 
objection to the physical director participating in 
these events is that if he is better than they, he 
embarrasses them, and if not, he is " shown up." In 
other words, it becomes a matter of contest between 
himself and his pupils. There is, however, in most 
places a desire on the part of the members and others, 
to know what the physical director can do, and there 
may be no objection to his displaying some of his 
ability upon occasion. 

The carnival. Under the head of carnival, there 

8 



114 PHYSICAL WORK 

may be included a big display in some hall or armory, 
in which a several days' program will be laid out, 
billing each day and evening. In this, all of the 
exhibition work, athletic features and games, not only 
for Young Men's Christian Association members, but 
for all outsiders, furnished the program. These are 
big affairs that require a great deal of preparation and 
organization, but which may mean a great deal to 
Associations located in large cities, where something 
must be done to get the attention of the athletic 
loving community. 



XI 
EDUCATIONAL WORK 

The human body is a complex and intricate machine. 
That all men should have at least a general knowledge 
of the laws governing their body is a self-evident fact. 
The driver of an automobile not only needs to know 
the workings of the steering gear, but if he is to get 
much service from the car he must know the general 
working of the whole car and at once locate any 
parts that go askew. He must also know what 
obstacles to avoid in driving the machine. An auto 
may be able to run up a curbstone and through 
ruts for a while, but the life of that machine will be 
much shorter than if the chauffeur avoided such 
obstacles. 

In a similar way every man should know the 
working of the human machine, what it needs for 
growth and development, how to get the most work 
from it by constant and careful adjustments, and 
what to avoid. The physical director who is worthy 
the name must be more than a mere director of 
physical activities. The day is past when intelligent 
people will be satisfied with the physical director 
who merely plans a course in physical exercise, no 
matter how careful he may have been to make it 
scientific and practical. Men need to know more 
than how to exercise. 

At best the director will have his men only four 
or five hours per week in the gymnasium, and by a 



116 PHYSICAL WORK 

single act of carelessness after leaving the exercise 
room they may speedily undo all the good results 
of the exercise. The physical director must be 
more than a physical trainer, he must be a physical 
educator, and teach men not only how to handle 
their bodies in the gymnasium, on the athletic field 
and in the swimming pool, but also how to get the 
best results from their physical organism in their 
business or professional careers, what conditions to 
avoid and how to act under difficulties. This means 
that the laws of health must be taught, and when we 
recognize the fact that one-half of the sickness now 
existing might have been avoided, and that thousands 
of deaths might have been postponed, the gravity of 
the problem becomes evident. 

The organization of the National Health League 
has made available much material that is of help 
to the physical director in this work of health educa- 
tion. Valuable literature is created and furnished, 
and the means for distributing the same among the 
members provided. Lantern slides for illustrated 
addresses are available. The organization although 
young, being in its third year, has several thousand 
members and progressive physical directors are 
utilizing it with excellent results. 

The Health League was organized in 191 1 to make 
possible for the physical directors a concerted attempt 
to bring health information to the members of the 
Associations throughout North America, and to unite 
such as would join the League into an organization 
which would tend to create interest and enthusiasm 
in all matters pertaining to health. The headquarters 
of the League is at the office of the Physical Depart- 



EDUCATIONAL WORK 117 

ment of the International Committee of Young 
Men's Christian Associations. 

Not only is it important that personal hygiene 
should be taught, but since so many lives are lost 
through avoidable accident the teaching of first aid 
to the injured and of prevention of accidents should 
be included. Good textbooks are available for this 
purpose, and the International Committee has outlines 
and suggestions as to the plan of organization and 
procedure, and syllabi of the work to cover. Some 
Associations teach first aid to special vocational 
groups and close the courses with appropriate exhi- 
bitions and practice work. 

First Aid to the Injured 

Through the joint arrangement of the International 
Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations 
with the American National Red Cross of the United 
States Government, the men and boys of every 
Association have special privileges of pursuing courses 
in First Aid under the sanction of the Red Cross, 
and if successful in the examination, of receiving the 
official Red Cross certificates bearing the fac-simile 
signature of the President of the United States. 

These First Aid courses are of three grades: — 

1. Boys' Course, for those under 15; involves 
simple fundamental features and principles of First 
Aid. 

2. The Elementary Course, limited to those 15 
and over; requires a thorough course of training in 
both theoretical and practice work. 

3. The Advanced Course is limited to men who have 



118 PHYSICAL WORK 

already passed the official elementary test. It in- 
volves both written and practice work, requires much 
more of the principles and reasons for methods 
pursued, and needs full and explicit replies to questions 
given in the test. 

Teachers or leaders of First Aid should be active, 
successful physicians; though some efficient physical 
directors with special training in this work often 
make good leaders. The course should involve ten 
to fifteen or more regular sessions of the class with 
the leader. Much emphasis should be given to the 
practice part of the course at each session of the class, 
and special attention given to the prevention of 
accidents. The thirty-cent textbook in First Aid by 
Major Charles Lynch of the American Red Cross is 
used very largely in the best courses, but any other 
efficient, modern text may be acceptable. It is 
desirable that each student should have his own copy 
of a textbook. 

The official tests are conducted by the International 
Committee through any local Association the first 
Friday in April and in June, and the third Friday in 
July and December. 

In the organization of classes in First Aid the 
physical director will of course work in cooperation 
with the educational director where such is employed. 
In addition to classes that may be formed in hygiene 
and first aid to the injured, other work is necessary, 
for at best only a very small percentage of the mem- 
bership can be secured for regularly organized classes. 
Talks on health topics will be arranged; pamphlets 
containing hygienic information will be secured from 
the many organizations, local, state and national, 



EDUCATIONAL WORK 119 

and distributed; bulletins will be posted in conspicu- 
ous places and reading courses suggested. It is 
wise to have in the library or reading room a special 
shelf for books dealing with hygiene and physical 
training. In the larger cities the city libraries may 
be induced upon the suggestion of the physical 
director to print a special leaflet of titles of books 
on health and these can be used to stimulate reading. 
A careful study of the membership and the commu- 
nity will indicate where emphasis should be placed in 
such education. 

All the best men of the city are interested in 
the health of the community, and it is not a difficult 
task to enlist the services of physicians and others in 
this work. In this, as in everything else, organiza- 
tion is necessary to accomplish large results, and the 
most influential men should be secured as leaders and 
promoters. Such work will not run itself. Young 
men who are well and strong are most careless of 
their health, and it needs constant urging and frequent 
change of method to hold the interest. 

While hygiene covers a broad field, we wish to lay 
especial emphasis on one phase of it, usually alto- 
gether neglected — sex hygiene. When statisticians 
and specialists assert that more than one-half (some 
say three-fourths) of all the male population at 
one time or another suffers from sexual disorders due 
to impure living, the need of emphasis is readily 
recognized. With this, as with all instruction, the 
most effective is that given in youth and early man- 
hood. Considerable care must be exercised to teach 
the boys what they should do and know rather than to 
create curiosity about things they should avoid. They 



120 PHYSICAL WORK 

should be taught according to their age and stage 
of mental and social development. Emphasis upon 
the pathological should be avoided. 

Only those of tested character and ability should be 
invited to teach or lecture upon sex hygiene. Several 
men of ability are used by Associations for promoting 
one week educational campaigns, and information 
can be secured regarding them from the International 
Committee. 1 

In many cities there are calls for leaders from 
clubs and churches with gymnasiums, and as the 
playground movement grows the demand for play 
teachers continues and suggestions under the topic 
of educational work would be incomplete without 
reference to the opportunities afforded to train leaders 
for such service. While the physical director needs 
careful technical training, and short cuts to this 
profession are impossible, nevertheless there will be 
constant demand for leaders of play and physical 
activity in general. These positions require little 
technical training, but considerable practical ability 
and the Association has both the men and the facilities 
to train leaders for such positions. 

The wise physical director will carefully study his 
field, its needs and opportunities and cooperate with 
existing agencies when possible, such as Boards of 
Health, public libraries, medical societies, and social 
organizations, or by creating organizations when the 
proper ones do not exist and through them bring 
to the boys and young men such facts as are necessary 
to make life safe, sane, active, healthy and useful. 

1 Much help and many practical suggestions may be had by writing the secre- 
tary of such organizations as the Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis of 
New York City, and the Oregon Society of Social Hygiene, Portland, Ore. They 
have valuable literature for general distribution that may be had at small expense. 



EDUCATIONAL WORK 121 

The following is a suggestive outline of a list of top- 
ics for health talks or lectures: 

" Mouth Hygiene and Health' ' (stereopticon) . 

"The Relation of Health to Success in One's Voca- 
tion.' ' 

" Patent Medicines and Home Medication." 

" Coughs, Colds and Catarrh." 

"The Ear, Nose and Throat." 

"Typhoid Fever — The American Infection" (stere- 
opticon). 

"The Latest Facts about Tobacco and Alcohol." 

"Common Sense in Diet." 

"What Surgery Can and Cannot Do." 

"Sex and Health." 

"Why Abuse Our Feet?" 

"Body and Mind — Trained for Efficiency." 

"The Great White Plague — Consumption" (stere- 
opticon). 

"Sex Diseases." 

"When to Consult a Physician." 

"Accidents and Emergencies." 

"Care of the Eyes." 

"How the Skin may become a Disease Fighter." 

"How to Help a Drowning Person" (stereopticon). 



XII 

ORGANIZATION OF THE RELIGIOUS 

WORK 

It is a fact that all physical work is religious if done 
with the Christian motive. To teach right living to 
men who may have suffered from error is as Stanley 
Hall puts it, " changing a man from a state of physi- 
cal sin to a state of physical righteousness. To give 
men physical strength helps to energize moral func- 
tioning. Developing physical self-control begets con- 
fidence and assists in forming right mental habits. 
To teach men right relations in sport, to play clean, 
to be fair when excited, are fundamental religious 
principles." 

But in addition to these indirect methods there is 
a direct work of religious education to be done, and 
this is what is meant by religious work in this instance. 
This begins with the examination. Here the director 
or physician meets a man as the secretaries do not. 
It is a rare opportunity for helpfulness. Advice as 
to exercise and information regarding the rules of 
health, diet, sleep, habits, and the learning of his 
personal history give a mutual feeling of acquaintance. 
Confidence is induced which later is often shown by 
the member coming to the physical director for advice 
in reference to matters not related to his health, but 
to his business affairs, or the moral wisdom of some, 
to him, important step. Sometimes right then and 
there the opportunity for helping him in his moral 



RELIGIOUS WORK 1 23 

life is given ; there is a desire for sympathy and coun- 
sel. To these it is our Christian privilege and duty 
to respond. Not seldom through the physical exami- 
nation the foundation for a strong and lasting friend- 
ship is laid, with its possibilities for Christian service. 

The more formal methods of work for gymnasium 
men will include various meetings for them. These 
might include a series of practical talks on hygiene 
and related subjects, dealing with the structure and 
laws of the body, exercise, diet and sleep. The course 
could be extended by adding others on the life prob- 
lems of young men. At intervals the Sunday meeting 
should take on a character that would appeal especially 
to this part of the membership, a speaker prominent 
in baseball, football or athletics, notably a college 
man, secured and a special effort made to get out a 
large representation of gymnasium men. The topics 
should be related to physical training. It could be 
called a " Gymnasium Members' Meeting." Have 
a committee from the department in charge of the 
arrangements, and perhaps one of the local athletes 
introduce the speaker. The religious work committee 
would do well to turn over a meeting now and then 
to the leaders' corps or a committee of gymnasium 
members. 

Bible classes exclusively for gymnasium members 
are a present day method that are such a success gener- 
ally as to merit being stated as a principle in work for 
this group. Wherever it has been tried it has proven 
successful in reaching the physical department 
membership to an extent not found possible before. 

A few suggestions and observations may be helpful: 

1. Organize groups of men of kindred interests — 



124 PHYSICAL WORK 

athletes, leaders, basket ball and baseball enthusiasts, 
business men and the like. 

2. Select leaders of these groups as teachers. This 
is usually better than securing an outside teacher, 
who does not come into frequent contact with the 
members. 

3. Emphasize and develop the group spirit. The 
success of the class is in this rather than in the ability 
of the leader as a teacher. For this reason the groups 
ought to be small, not over twelve or fifteen members. 

4. To further develop this spirit, instead of keeping 
it confined within the narrow limits of the group 
each class should be part of a larger whole. It might 
be called the gymnasium Bible Study Club. This 
particular name has advantages. It frankly states 
the nature of the class — does not conceal or deceive 
— and yet has the attractiveness of the club idea. 
The president, secretary and teacher should be a 
member of a council representing all the groups 
where they will get the larger view of things as they 
meet in conference upon the whole work. The classes 
could now and then meet in such a conference. 

5. Wide experience in Associations shows that the 
best time for the study periods is on a gymnasium 
class night just before the class, with supper preced- 
ing. The significance of eating and drinking together 
as a social factor is apparent. No demonstration is 
necessary to convince that a meal together before a 
Bible class session is a good psychic preparation for 
an interesting getting together in the study. Supper 
at 6:15 or 6:30, and then a forty-five minute or one 
hour period for the study seems to be the plan fol- 
lowed in the majority of cases, giving the men a 



RELIGIOUS WORK 1 25 

chance to get on the gymnasium floor in time for 
the opening of the class. 

6. The work should be graded. The life of Christ 
appears to be the most popular study for the first 
year's work, and appeals to most young men strongly. 

7. A general class for gymnasium men on Sunday 
afternoon, usually a large class, appeals to many, and 
is the most convenient for some. 

Of prime importance is the strength and influence 
of personal friendship. The physical director is the 
one who must form friendships with gymnasium 
men, and by the very circumstances can most readily 
do so. The peculiar relationship which he sustains 
to the members of his department in their physical 
welfare, the various ways in which he comes into 
contact with them through the activities of the 
department, give him opportunities few men possess 
for influencing their lives through friendship. 

Reference has been made to the position he holds 
as an educator in high ideals in sport, and training 
in ethical standards. But beyond that we recognize 
the responsibility of the head of this department in 
personally pointing men to Jesus Christ, the perfect 
man. He must be fair in everything he does on 
the gymnasium floor, must inspire to brightness, 
wholesomeness, healthfulness and manly vigor in 
his classes and private life, giving a splendid example 
of Christian living, but he should do more. The 
leading of men to Jesus Christ must be his aim and 
work. In this he will not underestimate the power 
of personal friendship. 



XIII 
SUMMER ACTIVITIES 

Heretofore the greatest activity in the physical 
work has been in the winter months. Then the gym- 
nasium classes are crowded and the activities are at 
high tide. We have assumed that men would cease 
taking active exercise and so have planned little for 
them, and yet it is in the summer-time when men and 
boys have more time, when they seek recuperation 
and really when they enjoy exercise most. 

In recent years it has been found that if the work 
is rightly planned and properly announced, and the 
character of the work given changed, gymnasium 
work can be continued throughout the entire summer. 
The great majority of young men have very short va- 
cations, and must remain in the city during the greater 
part of the summer, and as the Association building 
is usually centrally located it is most accessible. 

Now if the individual does certain types of work 
when he has least time he should be expected to do 
more when he has most time. If he does not there 
must be some psychological reason, and there is. 
His great need is not less to do, but different things to 
do. Not no activities, but a change in activities to 
fit the summer spirit. 

The ordinary gymnasium schedules are too sug- 
gestive of winter and not adaptive. Just as we have 
discovered that education should not be limited to 
winter terms, but that the summer provides unusual 



SUMMER ACTIVITIES I27 

opportunities by simply changing the environment of 
the class room to the park, the garden or the roof, so 
physical work can be conducted even in the building 
by changing the type of work. Even in as hot a 
section of the country as the down-town portion of 
a city it has been proven that gymnasium classes 
can be continued, with modifications in the type of 
exercise, all through the summer. 

First of all the Association building and its accessor- 
ies must suggest the spirit of summer. There should 
be a change in the furnishings. Curtains and heavy 
upholstery should be displaced by more seasonable 
furnishings. Electric and other fans, plants, flowers, 
bubbling fountains with clear cool water for drinking 
purposes should be available. The roof or an adja- 
cent lot can be appropriately equipped and electrically 
lighted for recreative purposes. As accessories to the 
regular work baseball scores can be announced and 
ofttimes music afforded. 

The calisthenic drills must be brief, snappy and 
happy and followed by a large measure of games. 
Spring tournaments and summer tournaments in 
hand ball, volley ball and even indoor baseball are 
popular and hold interest. The swimming pool can 
be made especially attractive with special effort to 
give instruction in swimming and life saving, and other 
features for the more advanced swimmers. 

Of course the ideal plan is to transfer the indoor 
work to out-of-doors and simply continue the winter 
schedule in a different environment and with different 
days order. Where an athletic field is available with 
adequate facilities for all forms of athletic games and 
sports this is possible. But it must be remembered 



128 PHYSICAL WORK 

that simply having a field does not avail. It must be 
well supervised and an active and varied program of 
activities provided. Experience proves that a field 
near a body of water providing bathing and boating 
is most popular. If out of the city any considerable 
distance a club house with dormitories must be a part 
of the equipment to make it usable. A progressive 
Association will secure such an equipment. 

It is realized, however, that many Associations by 
force of circumstances will not be able to provide such 
equipment, but this does not mean that summer 
activity is not possible. The following experience 
may prove suggestive : 

The experience contains an important principle, 
namely: that the best way to create interest is through 
democracy. Members enjoy what they initiate. 
To create unusual interest in summer recreation a 
"Summer Recreation Rally" was announced. An 
interesting speaker on "How to Enjoy a Vacation" 
was secured for a short address. His name was suf- 
ficient to create interest. The meeting was held in 
the large auditorium. This was a suggestion that a 
crowd was expected. Another man of prominence was 
asked to preside. The stage was decorated to indi- 
cate summer vacation. A tent was pitched; a make- 
believe campfire was produced; athletic paraphernalia, 
such as fishing nets and poles, a canoe, tennis rackets, 
ball bats and golf were used for decoration. 

Before the time of the program cards were issued 
to the members asking them to check the particular 
sports in which they were interested and return them 
at least two weeks before the night of the rally. On 
these cards were named all of the conceivable sports 



SUMMER ACTIVITIES 129 

which the community might afford. This list in- 
cluded track and field sports, tennis, baseball, ram- 
bling, camera club, horseback riding, surf bathing, 
boating, tug boat trips, trolley rides, golf. There was 
no idea how many of these would be provided, but it 
was a method of making an inventory of the mem- 
bers' desires. 

When the cards were collected the lists were classi- 
fied. Then a meeting of the different groups was 
called. For illustration, a dozen men wanted golf. 
These were called together to discuss how golf might 
be provided. The Association had no golf grounds 
and could not afford them. A committee was ap- 
pointed from the group to investigate the city and to 
find what the city had to offer in grounds and to report 
at the rally. Similarly other groups were called 
together and sent out to find places and to report 
definite methods. And they succeeded admirably. 
The golfers found splendid golf links furnished free 
by the city and organized the group to play on them. 
The boating group found they could secure special 
rates at the park if tickets were bought in quantities. 
The athletic group found an athletic park which could 
be secured for $100 and they secured the money by 
issuing athletic park tickets at $1 to 100 interested 
members. 

All of these groups reported on rally night. First, 
the orchestra played, the address was given, and stere- 
opticon views of Silver Bay, Lake George, the local 
and state camps for boys were shown ; also pictures of 
local athletes. Then came the reports, after which 
the groups got together, organized and made plans. 
These were launched enthusiastically because the 
9 



130 PHYSICAL WORK 

members made the enterprise possible and a splendid 
season of many activities resulted. 

For a program of outdoor activities one thinks of 
spring and fall athletic meets and all-round tests dur- 
ing the summer. The following are suggested: 
Relay runs to a neighboring city, cross country runs 
and paper chases, twilight baseball leagues, play- 
ground ball leagues for business men, hand ball and 
outdoor baseball, bicycle runs and when possible 
aquatic sports. 

The Association should seek to sense the prevailing 
sport in its community and relate itself to it. For 
illustration, in one city the favorite sport was sea 
bathing. On Saturday afternoon many of the mem- 
bers were found on the beach though the Association 
was not related to it. The Association made a study 
of the situation. It was discovered that one of the 
large bathing houses was most popular. A represen- 
tative was sent to the proprietor who agreed to the 
Association's suggestions that lockers would be re- 
served in a certain section of the building for Associa- 
tion men. This segregated the men and brought 
them together at the beach at the same time. Then 
the physical director related himself to the group di- 
recting the games on the beach, including three deep, 
pyramids and races. Later the group organized into 
an Association swimming club, and thus through tact 
and study and adaptability the Association became 
the directing force. 

In another city the chief attraction was camping 
on a river. The best location on this river was oc- 
cupied by drinking clubs. Investigation revealed 
that the property was owned by a churchman. The 



SUMMER ACTIVITIES 131 

physical director called upon the owner, told him that 
if the Association was given a portion of the property 
a boat house would be erected and the rest of the prop- 
erty would be supervised and leased to respectable 
persons. This he agreed to. The objectionable per- 
sons were eliminated, better groups became tenants 
and the Association formed a stock company of one 
hundred members at $10 each and erected a substan- 
tial boat house with sleeping accommodations. 

Summer is the time for unusual opportunities and 
should be planned for, and a varied program both 
within and without the building energetically pro- 
moted. 



XIV 
EXTENSION WORK. 

The field of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion is the community. The program of the Asso- 
ciation endeavors to meet the existing needs of the 
boys and young men of the entire community, not 
simply the needs of its members. With special 
reference to the physical department, this means en- 
deavoring to meet the physical needs of every boy 
and man whose needs are not being adequately met 
by any other agency. 

The Association, however, should be concerned 
more in having such needs met than in meeting them, 
by which it is acknowledged that in some cases 
other agencies can better meet certain needs than can 
the Association. Therefore, it should seek to energize 
and cooperate with agencies already in the com- 
munity, or to bring into existence those which will 
do the work. Many forms of service therefore by 
the Association will be only temporary and pioneer 
in character, in order to stimulate a sentiment for 
the development of the proper agency. This is 
particularly true in reference to the playground work, 
for finally, though the Association may begin and 
for a time control it, such work should be under the 
direction of the municipality. This has actually been 
the experience of the Association. 

There are three fundamental procedures in attempt- 
ing community work. First, a study of the field to 



EXTENSION WORK 1 33 

discover the needs. These needs differ in different 
communities. No man can guess at his field. He 
must know it. If he does not know it he is apt to 
make some ridiculous statements about it which 
will display gross and inexcusable ignorance, and he 
is likely to make many blunders. The second essential 
is to discover the scientific method of meeting the 
need. There is a right way and a wrong way of 
dealing with social problems. There is a thorough 
method and a superficial method. Unscientific meth- 
ods will deal with symptoms. Scientific methods will 
deal with causes. The best known philosophy for 
dealing with the problem in hand should be ascer- 
tained before method is proposed. Great principles 
have been worked out with reference to most social 
conditions. These must be observed. Otherwise the 
Association may work contrary to plans followed 
by other agencies. 

Third, a study should be made of the agencies in 
the community to avoid overlapping and duplica- 
tion. In many instances cooperation rather than 
new organization is essential. Most agencies lack 
adequate active support. The Association should 
seek to coordinate all the agencies working for the 
welfare of men and boys. 

Often the Association will find it can secure very 
valuable assistance in its own work from existing 
agencies, such as health literature from health organi- 
zations, play space from playground agencies, lantern 
slides and exhibit material from welfare agencies, 
assistance in sanitary propaganda and in legislative 
assistance from the Board of Health. The Asso- 
ciation is not a legislative agency; it can, however, 
do legislative work through other organizations. 



134 PHYSICAL WORK 

In the smaller communities, where social develop- 
ment has not progressed extensively, the oppor- 
tunity of the Association physical director as a social 
engineer is very great. 

In the larger communities the form of service is 
largely in the nature of cooperation with other agencies. 

Several types of public service engaged in to a 
great extent by the Association are the following : 

I . The promotion of play and sport. In many centers 
the Association is the only agency in the community 
supervising play ; consequently it is the logical agency 
for promoting sentiment for the organization of 
public playgrounds, and often for taking the respon- 
sibility for the earlier form of work. This effort 
usually proceeds in one of the following ways: 

First, the Association may secure a vacant private 
lot or field, provide supervision and make a demon- 
stration of the feasibility and practicability of the 
undertaking. 

Second, it may cooperate with the Park Board in 
supervising play in the parks. 

Third, the Association may call together the 
different agencies of the community to support a 
playground movement, offering, if equipment is 
furnished, to provide the supervision with or without 
cost. 

Fourth, it may promote the formation of a Play- 
ground Association in cooperation with other organi- 
zations. 

Fifth, the Association may take over the executive 
direction of a city playground, or, through the physi- 
cal director, serve on the council of the Playground 
Association. 



EXTENSION WORK 1 35 

Whatever the temporary method, the final aim 
should be to get the city to take the responsibility 
for financing and supervising. The chief concern of 
the Association is that supervision shall be by people 
of character, who have both native and technical 
ability for such work. 

The Association, in addition to playground work, 
has been and now is a large factor in promoting clean 
sport. This in recent years is taking the form of 
federations of the permanent institutions of the 
community upon an amateur platform, thus uniting 
them in the promotion of the highest ideals in sport. 
The Athletic League Handbook contains very helpful 
detailed and complete information in this regard. 

2. Cooperation with the public schools. The school 
is the natural agency to provide physical education. 
To this end the Association should seek through co- 
operative action to bring about the introduction of 
a complete plan of physical education in the schools, 
both elementary and secondary, which shall include 
medical examinations and physical exercise. This 
cooperation takes on several forms all of which are 
temporary, for the Board of Education must eventually 
take the responsibility for the installation and direc- 
tion of such work. 

In some instances the Association organizes and 
directs Public School Athletic Leagues, directing 
all the play activities of the schools or a part of such 
activities. In others, the Association gymnasium 
is used by the schools for all or part of the school 
work, with or without special financial arrangement. 
Some schools pay en block for such service for stip- 
ulated periods of work. Some Associations have 



136 PHYSICAL WORK 

an arrangement with the schools whereby the physi- 
cal director gives part time to the direction of the 
school physical work. Other Associations supervise 
recess periods. These are all interesting, and usually 
lead up to a comprehensive system of physical train- 
ing in the schools. 

3. Relation to Sunday Schools and Churches. The 
Association is the united church at work in the com- 
munity for men and boys. All that it does in the 
building is recognized as church work, but the Asso- 
ciation can help the local churches in their efforts to 
reach boys in their community and in their congrega- 
tions. The relation of the Association to the churches 
takes on different forms and includes the following 
methods : 

a. The provision of trained leaders to direct physi- 
cal work in the churches. 

b. Arrangement whereby a church may send its 
boys or young men en masse to the Association 
gymnasium for special work at a special hour. 

c. The organization of leagues in a given sport, 
games of which are played either in the Association 
gymnasium or elsewhere. 

d. The organization of a Sunday School Athletic 
League through which all manner of physical activi- 
ties are provided, including leagues of different 
sports, summer camps, all round tests, athletic meets 
and gymnastic meets, health lectures, sex education, 
first aid and swimming campaigns. 

e. An ideal relation to the church or Sunday School 
is one in which all the employed officers of the Asso- 
ciation cooperate, and if an organization is perfected 
athletics are but a part of other phases of activity. 



EXTENSION WORK 137 

Other forms of effort including teacher training 
classes, promotion of Bible classes in Sunday Schools, 
etc. By such a method the approach to the boy is 
more balanced, and athletics are not unduly or solely 
emphasized. Physical directors should hold them- 
selves in readiness to advise with churches in refer- 
ence to the best methods for organizing and directing 
physical activities in the churches. 

4. Relation to public service, A number of Asso- 
ciations direct the physical training of policemen and 
firemen in the Association gymnasium, making a 
special rate to these departments for membership. 
Other Associations conduct civil service examina- 
tions, and some provide courses for preparing police- 
men and firemen to meet the civil service examina- 
tions. First aid is taught these groups who, because 
of their vocations, need such training. 

5. Health Education. In health education and in 
the enlistment of members in health service the 
Association is conducting a very extensive and valu- 
able form of community service. This has been 
fully described in another part of this book, but is 
referred to here again as it has its community aspects 
and is a logical part of extension work. Public lec- 
tures on health in the building, special courses of 
study in first aid, eugenics, pure food inspection, 
sanitary hygiene are given by the Association. Lan- 
tern slides and films are furnished through the Health 
League to churches and other social organizations. 
Literature is widely distributed and newspaper 
articles on health are prepared. 

Through cooperation with the Boards of Educa- 
tion and Health in the community, clean-up cam- 



138 PHYSICAL WORK 

paigns are initiated, health days celebrated, surveys 
promoted and all manner and kind of methods used 
to bring facts upon health to the public. Anti- 
cigarette athletic meets are often held. Several 
cities have stimulated the organization of social 
hygiene societies, and specialists are used in the 
promotion of campaigns in sex education in which 
all the groups in the community, including parents, 
teachers, church workers, are brought together in 
conferences upon the subject. 

6. Miscellaneous. Under this title we mention 
briefly other kinds of extension work: 

a. Meeting the needs of industrial workers through 
industrial athletic leagues, health talks and sports 
at the noon hour; serving hot lunches, providing 
sterilized milk; counseling with reference to the intro- 
duction of health measures in the manufacturing 
plant, including exercise, lavatory privileges, rest 
rooms, lockers and baths; work in the industrial 
community through playgrounds, and promotion 
of good housing. In the Association building special 
gymnasium classes may be provided for employed 
boys. 

On another page attention is called to the oppor- 
tunity of the physical directorship as a special calling 
in the industrial field. 

b. Swimming and life saving campaigns. The Asso- 
ciations, with the cooperation of the International 
Committee which has provided swimming experts for 
the purpose, have promoted swimming campaigns. In 
the local campaigns the swimming pool of the local 
Association is thrown open to the boys of the com- 
munity for at least a week, and hundreds of boys 



EXTENSION WORK 139 

given instruction. For the country as a whole as 
many as 50,000 have been taught to swim in a year. 
Through these campaigns swimming has been popu- 
larized all over North America, schools have made 
swimming compulsory, public bath systems have in- 
troduced the Association's method and the American 
Red Cross has responded to the invitation to or- 
ganize a National Life Saving Association. The 
Athletic League has also developed a department of 
Swimming and Life Saving for Associations. 

c. General. The athletics at church picnics, county 
fairs, civic holidays, are often placed in charge of 
the Association physical department. Cooperation 
in community extension takes on many phases of 
expression. The Association should be ready to 
help in any worthy endeavor. There is no limit to 
what can be done except the limit of the Association's 
ability to provide leadership. 

Essentials to success. One of the criticisms made 
of many physical directors who are strong in directing 
community work is that they often neglect the work 
in the building. It must be remembered that the 
physical director's first duty is to those who become 
members and pay for definite privileges which the 
Association has advertised. This work must always 
be done at the highest possible rate of efficiency. 
Otherwise, the physical director is not honest with 
the public nor true to those who become members. 
He must not take on more outside work than he can 
efficiently take care of. If he does he will spread 
himself out thin and do a very superficial service. 
His success in doing extension work will depend upon 
the degree of success he has in training men to take 



140 PHYSICAL WORK 

responsibility for definite tasks, both in and outside 
of the building. 

The wise and progressive physical director will 
spend much time cultivating, inspiring and training 
men. The physical director who attempts the doing 
of many things without volunteers to help him will 
soon be swamped with work, will be tempted to super- 
ficiality and consequently will fail at many points. 
If he succeeds in relating to himself in cooperative 
endeavor many men of ability and of willingness to 
serve, his influence will be greatly extended. He 
will need, therefore, a strong leaders' corps of men 
who are qualified for practical and technical tasks, 
and a goodly group of influential business and pro- 
fessional men who have influence in the community. 



XV 
HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 

From what has gone before it is apparent that a 
careful study of the field is very essential. The modern 
physical director, when asked what he will do in his 
new field, replies, "I don't know; I haven't yet stud- 
ied its needs." How to study a field, then, is an im- 
portant question; a few hints may be useful. 

Every community has certain fundamental char- 
acteristics which have great significance to him who 
plans to meet its physical needs. Among these are 
the following: 

Industrial character. There is always a prevailing 
industry. A town may be given to heavy manu- 
facturing involving a definite type of laborers, or to 
commercial enterprise with men of radically different 
habits and impulses. Commercial pursuits may 
stamp another place, while yet another may be the 
center of an agricultural district or yet a capital or a 
college city. 

It needs but a glance at these differences to recog- 
nize that a single scheme of physical interest, or an 
arbitrary method, cannot possibly be applicable to all 
places alike. There must be adaptation. 

Men of the rolling mills should be considered from 
the standpoint of their peculiar physical habit. Evi- 
dently the chief of their needs is not muscle. Yet 
their impulses must be challenged in order to secure 
their attention. Again, the men of mercantile houses 



142 PHYSICAL WORK 

would hardly be attracted by the same interest that 
would appeal to the iron worker or the builder. Their 
tastes and physical habits indicate a course which 
would compensate for their sedentary occupation. 
Men of the mines would be appealed to most keenly 
by recreation and brightness. Men of the store- 
counter would gladly work to acquire a few lumps of 
muscle where it would be felt. It is not so much the 
specific work that is laid out or offered as it is the 
establishing of a natural point of contact with disin- 
terested people who need you. 

Temperament. Every community has a distinctive 
temperament. This may be recognized as conserva- 
tive or progressive, moral or depraved, athletic or 
phlegmatic; but whatever it is it furnishes a basis 
upon which the intelligent director will plan his work. 

One would not think of establishing an extensive 
and expensive athletic field where the athletic interest 
was not pronounced — or at least but once; and dry 
routine and class drill would have but little appeal to 
those whose tastes and habits were emphatically 
athletic. 

Clannish people would be appealed to by group 
interests which were more or less exclusive, while the 
attempt to group others by classes would find only 
failure and offense. 

Innovations, and frequent at that, are needed in 
some places, while others will tenaciously cling to old 
standbys. 

Nationality. It is perfectly obvious that a com- 
munity with a prevailing foreign population would 
have traditions of its own, which the wise director 
should seize upon. Naturally a German community 



HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 1 43 

would reflect the Turnverein and its method, while 
the Scotch or English contingent would put their 
emphasis upon open-air interests and would with 
difficulty be persuaded to accept routine indoors. 
One would hardly expect a community mainly com- 
posed of people of French extraction to take enthusias- 
tically to Swedish gymnastics nor a prevailing Scandi- 
navian people to emphasize fencing. 

The whole problem sums up into finding the thing 
men want, rather than what we think they want. To 
be sure there is their need, which may be at decided 
variance with what they want ; but you must get the 
men before you can meet their need, and this means 
winning their interest. Winning their confidence 
follows soon after; then you can do the best for the 
man and he will accept it. But after all, that is 
Association work — to win men's interest, then their 
confidence, then themselves. 

In addition to determining the general character 
of the field a specific study should be made. The fol- 
lowing is a detailed outline of a survey plan. If 
committees are selected of qualified men for each of 
the sub-heads in the outline, such a survey can be made 
in a comparatively short time. The information 
secured will suggest some steps which can be taken 
immediately and others which must be left to a later 
time. 

General Hints 

Look for other things than those the outline suggests. 
Be sure to get these, but let them lead out to other 
related subjects. 

In answering questions give sources of information, 



144 PHYSICAL WORK 

either names and addresses of individuals or the 
literature, as it may be desired to verify or follow up 
the facts. 

Population Statistics 

i. Total population. Secure from the National or 
Dominion, State or Provincial, census or local census. 

2. Young men and boys of Association age. Esti- 
mate by counting one in five of the population as of 
Association age. 

3. Male school population. Secure from local school 
authorities. 

4. Industrial population, men and boys. Secure from 
Labor Report. 

Vital Statistics 

1. Mortality. 

a. Classify deaths from principal causes. 

b. Classify deaths according to age. 

c. Classify deaths according to locality. 

2. Morbidity. Secure copy of local health ordi- 
nances which refer to the reporting of diseases and 
discover to what extent they are enforced, e.g., report- 
ing of contagious diseases, spitting, etc. 

Discover what diseases are more or less constant, 
and in what section of the community. 

What is the rule and practice in reference to tuber- 
culosis? 

Is ophthalmia neonatorum reportable? 

3. Medical Examinations. Are medical examina- 
tions made in elementary and secondary schools? 

What do such examinations include? 

Do they include tests of vision and hearing, inspec- 
tion of teeth, nose and throat and lungs? Examina- 
tion of heart? 



HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 145 

Who makes these tests? When are they made and 
how often? 

Secure or compile statement as to number of de- 
fects discovered. 

4. Physical Training. Is physical training con- 
ducted in schools? 

By whom? a. Regular teacher, b. Special teacher. 

What is its character and extent? a. Calisthenics, 
b. Games, c. Apparatus Work. 

Is it compulsory? 

What physical training equipment is available? 

What competitive athletics are conducted and what 
supervision is provided? (Secure schedule of games 
for entire season). 

What supervision of the recess periods? 

Is there a public school athletic league? If so, 
describe it. 

Is any instruction given in personal hygiene? If 
so, what subjects are taught and to what extent? 

5. Physical provision for Special Cases. How are 
medical examinations followed up? Is there a system 
of notification of parents? A visiting nurse? 

What quarantine measures are used in reference to 
communicable diseases? 

Are open air schoolrooms provided? 

Is there a class of backward children? If so, de- 
scribe curriculum and method of conducting. 

6. What method of ventilation is used? At what 
temperature is the schoolroom kept? Is the air 
moistened? 

7. To what extent are schools social centers? 



10 



146 PHYSICAL WORK 

Public Playgrounds 

How many public playgrounds are there? 

Where are they located? 

Describe the work done. What is the daily attend- 
ance at each? 

What class of individuals are reached? 

How many physical directors and assistants? 

What is the amount of each of their salaries? 

What is the total budget? 

How are they managed? 

What further recreational facilities might be made 
available? 

Public Bathing 

What facilities are there for public bathing? 

Describe equipment, (a) Indoor, (b) Outdoor. 

To what extent used? 

How supervised? 

To what extent is swimming taught? 

What percentage of homes have baths? 

Games and Athletics 

What games do the boys and young men play? 

What are the prevailing sports? (a) Spring, (b) 
Summer, (c) Autumn, (d) Winter. 

State number of athletic and gymnastic organiza- 
tions and clubs in the city. 

What groups participate : 

a. Clerks and mercantile. 

b. Industrial. 

c. Others. 

How many young men are in these athletic clubs? 



HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 147 

Describe equipment, location and character of 
clubs. 

To what extent are track and field athletic meets 
held? By whom and the number. 

To what extent are prizes offered? 

What is the kind and value? 

Are all athletic meets held under the direction of 
either the Y. M. C. A. League, or the A. A. U. 

Name and describe each athletic and gymnastic 
team in the community. State which have property 
and which have not. 

Are there any professional sports? Describe them. 

What provision is made in outings and picnics for 
physical recreation by churches, social clubs, fra- 
ternities and other bodies. 

State and describe number of places having bowling 
alleys, the number of alleys, the attendance at each 
and cost per game. State number having saloon 
connections. 

Differentiate between private and public alleys. 

Churches. To what extent do the churches and 
Sunday Schools provide for the physical life of young 
men and boys? 

What equipment have they? 

Is there a Sunday School Athletic League? De- 
scribe it. 

Public Hygiene 

Water supply. What is the source of the com- 
munity's supply? 

What precautions are practised to prevent pollution? 

Is it filtered? Have there been any typhoid epi- 
demics? Name them and portions of city affected. 



148 PHYSICAL WORK 

Sewage. Describe the method used for the disposal 
of sewage. Where is it deposited? How treated? 

Are there open sewers? 

Garbage. How is garbage disposed of by the city? 

How often is it collected? 

What kind of receptacles are used? 

What is the source of the food supply? Is there 
official inspection? If so, what foods? 

Is any food on sale exposed? State in detail. 

What is the law in reference to foods? To what 
extent is it enforced? 

What methods are used for protecting milk from 
contamination? 

What is the law and practice in reference to tuber- 
culosis? Codify local health laws. 

Housing 

What are the laws in reference to housing? 
Character of homes : 

a. How many with one family? 

b. How many with two families? 

c. How many with three families? 
How many have privies? 

How many houses exceed the width of the street in 
height? 

Sex Hygiene 

i. What is the extent of the social evil in the city? 
Are there segregated districts? 

2. Extent of impurity among boys. 

3. What educational efforts are being made and 
by whom? 

4. What provision is made by hospitals for treat- 
ment of venereal disease? 



HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 149 

Agencies in the Community Doing Physical 
Betterment Work 

1. Describe the health organization of the city. 

2. Are there any organized efforts to combat tuber- 
culosis? 

3. What other organizations doing physical welfare 
work of any kind are there? Describe. 

4. Outdoor gardens. 

5. Relief agencies. 

6. Women's Clubs, etc. 

What Institutions are there for Caring for 
the Sick and Dependent 

1. Hospitals. 

2. Clinics. 

3. Dispensaries. 

4. Homes. 



XVI 

PHYSICAL TRAINING IN RURAL 
COMMUNITIES 

Heretofore there has been little progress in rural 
communities because there has been practically no 
program. Here and there an interested and energetic 
pastor, school teacher, college graduate or city athlete 
is putting his life into the play and athletics of his 
rural community with telling effect. Yet as a whole 
physical training is seldom associated, even in our 
thinking, with rural communities. If we have thought 
of the rural community in this connection at all it has 
been to make a passing observation on the healthful- 
ness of the country and its advantages to growing 
youth. This superficial thinking, with no real study, 
on the part of both country and city folk is largely 
responsible for the indifference regarding health and 
recreation in rural communities, which is so charac- 
teristic. 

When we consider that in 191 3 there were 45,000 
communities with 4,000 population and under in the 
United States and Canada with over 12,000,000 boys 
and young men (or 60 per cent.), representing 2,500 
organizable counties in the United States and 500 in 
Canada, one can appreciate the breadth of the field 
open to this work. 

Now let us consider briefly the actual conditions in 
rural communities. For a long time we have accepted 
the statement that the country is more healthful than 



RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 151 

the city. We have taken it for granted that it must 
be so because of the open country, the fresh air, the 
sunshine, the fragrance of the fields and the songs of 
the birds and running water. We have contrasted 
this with the congested city; the narrow hard paved 
streets teeming with people and traffic, and walled in 
by sky-scrapers shutting out the sunshine and filling 
the air with dust and dirt. We have contrasted the 
dirt and turmoil of the city with tranquility of the 
peaceful hamlet and village. Thus we have become 
fixed in our idea of the healthfulness of the country, 
but startling as the statement may appear the death 
rate in cities is being reduced much more rapidly than 
in rural communities. 

In the time of our forefathers the country was but 
thinly populated, the virgin soil was not polluted, the 
fresh waters were not contaminated, and the air was 
free from many of the germs which cause some of the 
most virulent diseases. Then, too, the manner of 
living was very different from that of men on the farm 
today. They tilled the soil, felled the forest, hunted 
the woods, fished and paddled the streams. Not 
indirectly through machinery as now but personally, 
with only simple tools whose use involved the use 
of both mind and muscle. Theirs was a hardy 
life which developed a rugged constitution well able 
to withstand disease. 

But a change has taken place ; although not as great 
as in cities, it is nevertheless more dangerous, for in 
the city the change has been so rapid and marked, and 
its influences so pronounced that attention has been 
compelled toward it. On the other hand, it has come 
so gradually and insidiously in the rural community 



152 PHYSICAL WORK 

that men have scarcely noticed it and they have 
continued to live as they did when they were more iso- 
lated — when every man was a law unto himself. Thus 
it is that the small town or village is in the greatest 
danger today. 

In the average rural community little or no atten- 
tion is paid to precautions against impure drinking 
water and soil pollution through improper disposal of 
sewerage and garbage. The location of the privy 
close to the house on the one hand, and close to the 
dug well, in many instances, on the other, with a 
manure pile ofttimes intervening, presents the most 
favorable conditions imaginable for the spread of 
contagious and filth diseases. This accounts for the 
prevalence of typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhoea 
and kindred diseases in the country. 

Dr. Charles E. North reports that sixty per cent, 
of wells examined on farms, both in the eastern and 
western parts of the United States, were seriously 
contaminated with the bacteria which was identified 
with sewage. 

Seldom does one find a screened privy or the use of 
disinfectants. 

In one of the communities recently observed the sew- 
age and garbage is emptied on the bank of a pond in 
which the boys swim in summer, and from which ice is 
taken in winter for general household use. 

The majority of health officers await complaints of 
unsanitary conditions before taking any action, even 
when they are aware of the violation of the health 
ordinance and the danger which it occasions to the 
entire community. This is due to the certain knowl- 
edge, gained from bitter past experience, that action 



RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 1 53 

on their own initiative is sure to bring them into dis- 
favor with the offenders and with many of his blood 
or political connections. 

The same indifference is manifested in the lack of 
consideration for the physical welfare of school chil- 
dren. In some of the oldest states the sanitation of 
the rural schools is little short of criminal, not only 
because of a failure to provide for proper heating, light- 
ing, ventilation, seating and drinking water, but also 
because of a lack of anything approaching a proper 
medical examination of the scholars at regular inter- 
vals. Experience leads us to believe that the need 
for such medical examinations in rural schools is as 
necessary as in the largest and most congested cities. 
Too often is one impressed with the number of defec- 
tive and backward children in a rural school with an 
agricultural environment. 

In one of the surveys thirty-six boys and girls of 
the fifth and sixth grades in a rural school were exam- 
ined with the following results: Defective in nose and 
throat, 17 ; defective in teeth, 16; defective in vision, 15. 

Only eight of the thirty-six were normal, while 
four were defective in three points, fifteen in two and 
nine in one point. 

Very little instruction is given in personal hygiene, 
and practically none in sex hygiene. Seldom are 
health education talks given or literature on health 
distributed. 

Practically no provision is made for recreation either 
in or outside of the school. The play instinct is sup- 
pressed and childhood is robbed of much of its normal 
joys. In many homes the boys and girls are looked 
upon and worked like the hired help. 



154 PHYSICAL WORK 

The athletics in the schools of the larger towns are 
fashioned after the college type of specialization, with 
little or no attention to the average boy; while the 
town teams in the majority of instances are influenced 
by professionalism, saloon control, Sunday games and 
kindred practices. 

Ignorance on the part of leaders, officials, and com- 
petitors is the one outstanding cause of most of the 
violations of the amateur spirit. Adequate concep- 
tion of the place and value of athletics, and a readiness 
on the part of the best element in the community to 
assume responsibility for the promotion and conduct 
of athletics on an educational and wholesome basis, 
are practically unknown. 

Cash prizes at county fairs, Sunday School picnics 
and a division of gate receipts are typical examples of 
country evils in athletics. 

The problems in rural work are very different from 
those confronting the city physical director. In the 
city one of the problems is to adapt the work to large 
numbers, while in the country the problem is to dis- 
cover work suitable to small numbers. In addition 
it must include both sexes of all ages, and those of 
the open country as well as those who live in towns 
and villages. Then, too, the type of work must be 
different. In the city, emphasis is placed upon relaxa- 
tion, and the recreational side of physical training, 
while in the country the emphasis must be placed upon 
that type of work which will stimulate a quick reac- 
tion and develop coordination. 

In spite of the small numbers usually found in 
the average rural school, team play must be organized 
in order to develop the social and moral qualities 



RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 155 

which come through cooperation. This is best accom- 
plished through the group games. To this end play 
demonstrations are being given in the rural schools 
and at Teachers' Institutes by the county secretaries. 
Town picnics and play days are being organized for 
young and old. 

The county school athletic league contests have been 
developed by the International Committee. Through 
this league the schools of the county are organized to 
stimulate and supervise the play and athletics of the 
vscholars. 

The boys are classified by weight and each boy is 
encouraged to participate in all the events in his class, 
an accurate record being kept of each boy's standing in 
all events, and each boy's records counting in the 
school standard. In some instances as many as 
ninety per cent of the school boys of a county over 
sixty pounds in weight, are participating in all of the 
events in their class. Details of the events may be 
found in the October 191 1 number of Rural Man- 
hood. 1 

In this connection might be emphasized the prin- 
ciple of cooperation with existing agencies which is 
fundamental in all of this work. The church, school, 
grange, farmers' institute, county fair and all such 
orgnizations and institutes are the channel through 
which the work of the county association is projected. 

The county leagues of town baseball, basket ball, 
and other team games afford a splendid means of 
establishing clean sport on a strong basis. In a 
number of counties such leagues have supplanted the 
regular Sunday semi-professional games by Saturday 

1 Published at 124 East 28th Street, New York City. 



156 PHYSICAL WORK 

amateur games, been the means of transforming the 
games from an occasion of debauchery into a whole- 
some play day, not only for the teams, but for the 
entire community. 

Inter-town relay races, Boy Scouts, organizations, 
first aid classes and " hikes' ' are among the activities. 
Wherever a leader who has had sufficient experience, 
and equipment will permit, calisthenic drills and 
apparatus work are a part of the regular season's 
program. 

A definite program of health education should be 
inaugurated including the use of Health League lec- 
tures, slides, films and literature. Special attention 
should be given to instruction in sex hygiene. Local 
physicians can be secured to give addresses on pre- 
ventable and communicable diseases, public hygiene 
and first aid. 

"Tin Can Day" and "Clean Up Day" have been 
organized in which the boys and men of the community 
have united in ridding the streets, alleys and yards of 
garbage and refuse. 

Shower baths and swimming pools have been in- 
stalled; the vschool grounds equipped for playground 
work and play supervisors employed. 

The county camps, of which there were thirty-four 
in 1 91 2, representing 215 different communities with a 
total attendance of 1,082, may be mentioned as a 
part of the regular program of work. 

Realizing the increasing necessity for a sane and 
progressive program of instruction in health education 
and physical activities, and to determine actual condi- 
tions in rural communities, surveys were conducted 
in 19 1 2 in ten rural communities located in New York, 



RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 157 

Kansas and Colorado. From a local point of view the 
purpose of these surveys was to have the men of these 
communities know their own locality by personal 
investigation and study. 

The manner in which these surveys were made is 
as follows: Statistics regarding population, vitality 
and morbidity, school attendance, etc., were secured 
in advance. A general meeting of all men interested 
in the survey was held, at which the purpose of the 
survey was explained and committees appointed to 
make a personal study, report and offer recommenda- 
tions under the following heads: Schools, public recrea- 
tion, including amusements, playgrounds and bathing 
facilities; community hygiene, sex hygiene, churches 
and Sunday Schools and living and working conditions. 

During the two or three days of the survey each of 
these committees actually investigates the phase for 
which they are responsible. In this way every man 
is personally brought into touch with some vital prob- 
lem of community interest and is compelled to give 
some definite thought toward its solution. The lead- 
ing men of the community are not only made aware 
of conditions with which they are not familiar, but 
are led to ask the latest and best methods of meeting 
them. 

At the final meeting the chairman of each com- 
mittee presents the report of his committee. This 
serves to educate every man present, not only regard- 
ing the specific part which he was investigating as a 
member of one of the committees, but as to the entire 
scope of the survey. 

Wherever possible facts are presented in graphic 
form by the use of charts. 



158 PHYSICAL WORK 

Following the report each committee presents its 
definite recommendations which are acted upon by 
the meeting as a whole. These recommendations 
constitute a definite program of work which may cover 
a number of years, although the survey itself takes but 
a few days. 

A complete story of one of these surveys, together 
with other material relating to rural health and recrea- 
tion, may be found in the May, 1912, number of 
Rural Manhood, 

These surveys have proven an effective and quick 
way of arousing local interest in vital issues. In 
every instance very definite results have followed. 

After such a survey one is not so apt to hear the 
oft quoted phrase, "Well, this place is as good as any 
other, and in fact I think it is just a little better than 
most places of its size." Men have come to believe 
there are some things to be done and that it is up to 
them to get together and do them. They have real- 
ized the value of health and recreation from a social, 
moral, economic and religious standpoint, and have 
planned to give them a larger place in the home, 
school and government. They have sunk politics, 
creeds, traditional differences and petty quarrels 
in a common endeavor to perform some common 
task. 

In conclusion, some practical suggestions are offered 
as to how the city physical directors may be a factor 
in the program and progress of physical training in 
rural communities. 

In the first place, the county department of the 
Young Men's Christian Association invites the hear- 
tiest cooperation of the city Associations. 



RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 1 59 

Some city physical directors are so situated that 
they do not come into contact with the rural field, 
while others are located in agricultural centers. 

We must ever recognize and conserve the dignity 
of the farmer, and keep clearly in mind that he resents 
any disposition on the part of city folk to practice 
missionary work on him. We must not undertake 
any form of extension work from our city associations 
into the country, with an idea of doing the farmer good. 
In fact, he feels that he has been "done good and 
plenty* ' by the city folk too often. 

We should consistently allow responsibility for all 
work to remain where it rightly belongs — namely, 
with the men of the local community, recognizing that 
a resident force must be the redemptive force, and 
that only as the local consciousness is awakened to 
its needs and led to make inquiry regarding the man- 
ner in which the community itself can meet them, 
will there be any permanent good accomplished. 

Local responsibility and local leadership are needed. 
This leadership must not only be discovered, but 
trained and set to work. 

Another fact that needs to be emphasized is that 
the vital center is a personality and not a place. A 
building and equipment instead of being essential is 
in many cases a handicap. 

Having carefully considered these few, but impor- 
tant points, we may now pass on to some concrete 
ways in which the city physical director may find 
opportunities for service. 

First, by helping to set up play and athletic pro- 
grams and officiating at county meets, agricultural 
fairs, town and church picnics, holiday occasions, etc. 



160 PHYSICAL WORK 

Second, by assisting in the organization of school 
athletic leagues, inter-town leagues, relay races, etc. 

Third, by the demonstration of calisthenics and 
play games at Teachers' Institutes and rural schools. 

It may not be out of place here to raise the question 
as to whether or not we are justified in having city 
athletes and gymnasts give exhibitions in rural com- 
munities. There is no doubt that they are entertain- 
ing and educational, and yet it may be questioned 
whether their permanent influence is for good. 

Finally, the city physical director can render the 
greatest service by cooperating in the training of 
rural leaders for play and athletics, either by having 
these leaders come to the city association at regular 
intervals or by meeting with them in some rural 
center. In this way, he may do much to impress upon 
them the place and value of play and athletics, and 
to furnish them with that theoretical and practical 
training which should include group games, athletics, 
team games, simple drills and apparatus work. 

Thus in a simple manner it may be possible for 
many city physical directors to practically double their 
influence, and help in bringing to the young men of 
the open country and villages those advantages which 
go with scientific physical training. 

The present development of rural work is calling 
for new specialization in physical training — a rural 
recreation director, who by birth, in a rural communi- 
ties' experience and training in rural sociology and 
psycho^gy, will do for the country what the Christian 
social worker and physical director are doing for the 
city. 



XVII 

GENERAL YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 

There are several existing organizations in the 
Young Men's Christian Association which the physical 
director should know and with which he should be 
identified and cooperate. 

The Employed Officers Conference 

This is a conference which practically meets each 
year except the year in which the International 
Convention occurs. The latter is held triennially. 
The Employed Officers Conference brings together 
the employed officers of the Associations of the United 
States and Canada for the discussion of their vocational 
problems. It develops fraternity and unity. These 
conferences have historic value. They have done 
much to promote the efficiency of Association work 
and to dignify the position of an association secretary. 

The conference is made up of groups of conferences 
of the various specialists which are constituent mem- 
bers and each have representation on the program 
committee. The programs of the Employed Officers 
Conference consist of general sessions in which all 
unite, and departmental conferences at which time 
the societies or associations of general secretaries, 
physical directors, educational directors, boys' workers 
and county work secretaries and other groups meet. 
11 



1 62 PHYSICAL WORK 

One of the important by-products of the Employed 
Officers Conference is the Insurance Alliance. 

Annual membership in the Employed Officers 
Conference, including membership in the Physical 
Directors' Society and subscription to Physical Train- 
ing — the official magazine of the Physical Directors' 
Society — is S2. 50. 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young 
Men's Christian Associations of North 
America 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's 
Christian Associations of North America was organ- 
ized at Lakewood, N. Y., June, 1903. It promotes 
fraternity, unifies and standardizes the physical work 
and promotes original research. It issues the monthly 
magazine Physical Training and holds an annual 
conference in conjunction with either the International 
Convention or the Employed Officers Conference. 
Every physical director should be an active member 
of the society to help and be helped. It is essential 
in order to keep in touch with the new developments 
in the work. 

Ten annual conferences have been held: St. Louis, 
Mo., 1904; Niagara Falls, N. Y., 1905; Indianapolis, 
Ind., 1906; Washington, D. C, 1907; Ocean City, 
N. J., 1908; Omaha, Neb., 1909; Toronto, Ont., 
1910; Columbus, Ohio, 1911; Silver Bay, Lake 
George, N. Y., 1912; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1913. 

Standing committees on Graded Gymnastics, Reli- 
gious Education, Health Education, Social Service, 
Bibliography, Sexual Hygiene, etc., promote activity 



GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 63 

in the study of these subjects throughout the year 
which results in valuable original contributions. The 
Society has its own executive committee and the 
usual officers. 

Local physical directors' conferences are also held, 
which are a source of inspiration and education to 
those who attend them. In metropolitan cities like 
New York and Chicago, conferences are held bi- 
weekly and monthly. In states like Massachusetts 
and New Jersey such conferences for the men of an 
entire state are possible each month. In other parts 
of the country where distances are great, such meet- 
ings are semi-annual or annual, and in the latter case 
are held in connection with state conventions. The 
programs of the more frequent conferences include 
practical gymnastics as well as theoretical studies. 

The General Secretaries Insurance Alliance 

This is a fraternal organization in which only 
Association employed officers can be members. Its 
purpose is to provide a fund which will go to the family 
of a deceased employed officer. Upon the death of 
a member of the alliance each member is assessed 
$2.10. The ten cents covers all expenses of the 
Alliance. The balance goes to the beneficiary. Dur- 
ing the decade closing December 31, 191 1, the Insur- 
ance Alliance paid a total of forty-seven benefits, an 
average per year of less than five. The total amount 
paid out in benefits was $109,792.00. During this 
time the average benefit increased from $1,681.00 in 
1902 to $3,299.00 in 191 1, and over $4,000.00 in 1913. 
Every physical director should join this alliance not 



1 64 PHYSICAL WORK 

only for the benefits his family will derive, but because 
of the brotherhood and fraternity it promotes. 



The Athletic League of the Young Men's 
Christian Associations of North America 

The Athletic League is the athletic administrative 
body of the Young Men's Christian Associations of 
the United States. Canada has its own Athletic 
League, described elsewhere. This was formerly a 
part of the North American League. The Athletic 
League retains its original name abbreviated as 
A. L. N. A. 

The purpose of the League is to set high standards 
of conduct in athletic sport among Association mem- 
bers, to create suitable legislation, to make rules uni- 
form, to provide for a bureau of records, to establish 
a clearing house for methods, to promote athletic fed- 
erations, both among local Associations and through 
them with other responsible agencies. 

In July, 191 1, at the request of the Physical Direc- 
tors' Society the alliance of the Athletic League with 
the Amateur Athletic Union, which had existed for 
fifteen years or more, was terminated because this 
alliance greatly hindered the Association in promoting 
its work in more remote fields and limited its relations 
with other reputable organizations. Then, too, the 
Associations believed that the methods of adminis- 
tration still insisted upon by the A. A. U. did not 
meet modern needs. 

Since the alliance has been terminated the Athletic 
League organization has been entirely recast. The 
former system of registration of athletes and sanctions 



GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 65 

of games has been abolished. The membership fee 
in the League has been reduced to $2.50. An ama- 
teur platform has been adopted and is the basis of 
membership and of athletic conduct. A new amateur 
definition has been made. The following extract 
from the platform indicates the relationship in ath- 
letics of Young Men's Christian Associations which 
are in the Athletic League with each other and of 
such Associations with other agencies: 

Athletic Platform 
principles : 

We recognize in Athletics, when wisely directed: 

(a) A form of supplementary physical training 
for the development of bodily vigor. 

(b) A great educational force developing the coor- 
dination of the muscular and nervous systems 
and contributing quick motor reactions, muscu- 
lar skill and precision. 

(c) An excellent means of teaching social ethics, 
of establishing right social relationships and 
social cooperation, and of satisfying the play 
instinct. 

(d) A means for the development of character, 
through self-control, temperate living and fair 
play. 

We do not favor : 

(a) The placing of emphasis upon prize-giving 

or prize-winning and believe these should be 
secondary and incidental. 

(b) Any form of commercialism, through bribes, 

or special honoraria offered as inducements 
to men to compete or demanded by them for 
competing. 



1 66 PHYSICAL WORK 

(c) The recruiting of athletes by one organization 

from another. 

(d) That high degree of specialization in athletics 
which interferes with the harmonious devel- 
opment of the bodily functions. 

(e) That practice in competition which leads to 

excesses and undue nervous expenditure or 
which result in a state of mind not in keeping 
with true sportsmanship. 

All Young Men's Christian Associations which 
adopt this platform and thus pledge themselves to 
conduct their athletic competition in harmony with 
its principles are eligible to membership in the League 
upon sending written notice to the headquarters of 
the League together with membership fee. 

Such Young Men's Christian Associations may 
participate with all other organizations, clubs, teams 
or federations of whatsoever character which in like 
manner subscribe to this platform or adopt a plat- 
form similar in principle. Those organizations, teams, 
or federations which will not subscribe to this plat- 
form, or adopt the platform similar in principle, and 
practise these principles in competition will not be 
eligible for competition, with Young Men's Christian 
Associations in this League. 

The Athletic League has become decentralized 
and the name of the Governing Committee has been 
changed to that of Executive Committee, as its chief 
function is now that of promotion and of education. 
The committee consists of the members of the Physical 
Department Committee of the International Commit- 
tee and three members at large. 



GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 67 

The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian 
Associations of Canada 

This body supervises the athletics of the Associa- 
tions in Canada and bears in essence the same relation 
to the Canadian Associations as does the Athletic 
League of North America to the Associations in the 
United States, though different in form. The mem- 
bership fee is $5.00 for Associations having a mem- 
bership of more than two hundred and $2.50 for those 
having less than two hundred members. No regis- 
tration fee is charged. The principal Associations 
in the Dominion are members. A Governing Com- 
mittee elected by the Associations directs the League. 

State and International Committees 

We are assuming that every physical director 
knows that the Associations have State and Inter- 
national organizations, which organizations are related 
to the local Associations in an advisory and super- 
visory capacity. The work of the state is supervised 
by a State Committee and the work of the United 
States and Canada by the International Committee. 
Canada also has a National Committee which has a 
direct relation to the work in the Dominion and through 
which the International Committee functions largely 
in its relation to Canada. The State and International 
Committees are made up of representative laymen 
from the several organized points in the state in 
the former and of men representing the Associations 
of various sections of the country in the latter. These 
committees employ secretaries known as State, 



1 68 PHYSICAL WORK 

National, Territorial, and International secretaries. 
In some states there are in addition to the state secre- 
taries departmental secretaries, such as state educa- 
tional, state religious, state county and state railroad 
secretaries. They relate themselves in an advisory 
way to the various local departmental secretaries. 

Up to this date (191 3) there is no state specialist 
for the physical department, though in one or two 
states some secretary on the state staff has a relation 
to the physical work of the state. 

The International Committee has a physical depart- 
ment which at this writing (19 13) has three secretaries. 
The physical department acts in reference to the 
physical departments of the local Associations as: 

1. A clearing house of information and methods. 
Physical directors, committeemen and others are 
free to call upon the department for information and 
counsel in reference to the physical work. Reports 
of work done in local fields are given publicity so that 
each may profit by the progress of all the others. 

2. A recruiting agent for physical directors and an 
employment exchange. Men are constantly sought 
who have the potential qualifications for the physical 
directorship and are advised with reference to study 
and training. Cooperation is given the Training 
Schools in the securing of students, and direction is 
given to the physical departments in three summer 
schools and cooperation with all. Associations are 
assisted in finding physical directors suited to their 
need. Physical directors are assisted in transferring 
from one Association where the wisdom of such 
transfer is agreed to by the Association and physical 
director involved. Every proper attempt is made 



GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 69 

to secure promotion for the deserving physical direc- 
tor and for the enlargement of the office so that men 
will find in it a life function. 

3. An ambassadorial function. The secretaries of 
the department represent the physical work of the 
Association in and to other agencies; present it at 
conferences and conventions, gather statistics, facts 
and reports; create literature and make pronounce- 
ments with reference to its progress and development. 
The relationship to other agencies is defined and 
cooperation with other agencies developed. 

4. A research department. The department creates 
new ideas and ideals in reference to Association 
physical training. Surveys are made of communities 
and policies outlined based upon the facts discovered. 
Special studies are made. New types of possible 
service are discovered, so as to keep the work abreast 
of the times and in place of leadership in many in- 
stances. 

5. A servant of the International Convention. Cer- 
tain forms of service are delegated to this department 
by the International Convention, such as the direction 
of the Athletic League of North America and the 
International Health League. These the physical 
department of the International Committee admin- 
isters and reports upon to the International Conven- 
tion. 

6. A factor in coordinating and standardizing the 
physical work. Through special printed matter, e. g., 
courses of study, hand books, record blanks and books, 
the work is standardized. Special service is rendered 
in criticizing building plans, and by suggesting val- 
uable modifications in equipment. Service is ren- 



170 PHYSICAL WORK 

dered in uniting Associations, in promoting swimming 
campaigns, sex education campaigns and other forms 
of united endeavor requiring executive leadership. 

7. A department of conciliation and arbitration. 
Some times there are points of difference between an 
Association and the physical director. These often 
are referred to the International Committee for adjust- 
ment and for settlement. Often also points at vari- 
ance in definite policies are satisfactorily settled. 

8. A department of interpretation and extension. 
In addition the department seeks to interpret the 
place and nature of physical training in relation to 
existing special forms of Association work, such as the 
county work, requiring unique departures in admin- 
istration and philosophy to meet the health and 
recreation needs in rural communities; the industrial 
work, where again special adaptation is needed; the 
railroad and army and navy work. In each of these 
special adaptations of Association work different 
interpretations of the physical work are required, and 
these must be and are given distinctive study and 
service. 



XVIII 

AGENCIES WITH WHICH THE YOUNG MEN'S 
CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION CAN COOPER- 
ATE THROUGH ITS PHYSICAL DEPART- 
MENT 

Educational. 

i. The Health Education League, Devonshire Street, 
Boston, Mass. This organization issue pamphlets 
on various health topics, such as " Emergencies,' ' a 
good booklet for use in shops; " Mosquitoes and 
Flies"; "Milk"; "The Boy and the Cigarette"; 
"Colds"; "Sexual Hygiene," etc. The League will 
print the name of the local Association on the cover. 
These pamphlets cost from two to five cents each. 
They are cheaper in quantities. 

2. Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull Street, 
Boston, Mass. This organization provides scientific 
literature in reference to the effects of the use of alcohol. 
Slides, charts, and lectures are furnished at low figures 
and can be used with good results. 

3. The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. 
This organization heretofore has only acted in time 
of war or calamity, but recently has undertaken a 
campaign for the promotion of the study of first aid 
to the injured. The International Committee of 
Young Men's Christian Associations has arranged a 
plan whereby both unite in providing a diploma 
for successful students in the subject. Other societies 
with which the Association is related in a less official 



172 PHYSICAL WORK 

way are the National First Aid Society, Beacon Street, 
Boston, Mass, and the New York Society. 

4. The American Society of Sanitary and Moral 
Prophylaxis, New York City. This society promotes 
instruction in sexual hygiene. It has issued the fol- 
lowing pamphlets, which can be used with good re- 
sults: "The Young Man's Problem'' (for young men) ; 
"The Boy Problem" (for parents); "What My Uncle 
Taught Me" (for boys, 11 to 14); "The Relation of 
Social Diseases with Marriage and Their Prophyl- 
axis." The latter sells for twenty-five cents, all the 
others are ten cents each. 

5. The Society of Social Hygiene, Chicago, 111., is a 
similar organization, and its literature can be used 
without hesitation. 

6. American Federation of Sex Education, New York 
City, and American Vigilance Association, New r York 
City. 

7. Local and State Boards of Health. These should 
be heartily cooperated with by the extensive use of 
their literature. Many local Boards of Health issue 
splendid illustrated material on such topics as "Fight- 
ing Flies" and "The Care of the Baby." 

8. United States Government Experiment Stations. 
These agencies publish much valuable material which 
can be secured free of charge. They invite cooperation 
in getting their printed matter before the public. 

Legislative 

While the Association, as such, is not a legislative 
organization, it nevertheless can participate in legis- 
lative work through agencies which are specifically 
legislative. Such agencies are : 



COOPERATING AGENCIES 1 73 

1. The Society for the Suppression of Vice, Nassau 
Street, New York City. Where foul literature is 
discovered in a community and samples of it are sent 
this society, it will take steps to prosecute the pub- 
lishers and rid the community of it. It is particularly 
effective in suppressing literature sent through the 
United States mails and in securing convictions of 
those so using them. 

2. Board of Health. If unsanitary buildings and 
unhealthy conditions are reported, the Board of 
Health will act quickly and effectively. Their labora- 
tories can be used for testing water or milk or for secur- 
ing antitoxin. 

3. American Humane Society, or its branches. The 
home office is in New York City. This is practically 
the only agency working in behalf of the maltreated 
and undernourished child. This agency has auto- 
cratic power and can act without police warrants in 
taking children out of homes. Its department in 
behalf of maltreated animals presents a splendid oppor- 
tunity for educating and enlisting boys with reference 
to the proper treatment of animals. Its literature 
upon this subject is valuable. 

Miscellaneous 

1. Charity Organizations, local and state. These 
agencies should be used in any attempt to deal with 
homeless or dependent people or the unemployed. 

2. Tuberculosis Societies. Literature can be had 
freely. Sanitoria lists are available. Often the ex- 
hibit can be placed in the Association building. 



174 PHYSICAL WORK 

3. National Playground and Recreation Association. 
Metropolitan Building, New York City. Complete 
information can be had in reference to playgrounds, 
including literature, slides, exhibits and lectures. 

4. United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps. A 
Young Men's Christian Association auxiliary depart- 
ment has been provided. Buttons for membership 
and instructions for organizing are furnished gratis. 

5. Juvenile Courts. Cooperation can be had with 
this agency by furnishing volunteer probation officers. 

This is a day of cooperation. The Association 
should seek to know the agencies in its community 
which are at work, and use them, as well as lend them 
its cooperation. 



XIX 
KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL 

The Association physical director must not limit 
his relations to organizations which have to do with 
the Young Men's Christian Associations alone. He 
needs the broadening influence of other national bodies 
related to physical education. 

The American Physical Education Association. 
This is the scientific body in physical education in 
North America. It includes in its membership direc- 
tors from educational, municipal, social and religious 
agencies. The Association publishes a monthly Re- 
view which contains original and scientific papers on 
physical education and presents the news and prog- 
ress of physical training the world over. Membership 
in the Society, including the Review, is three dollars 
annually. The Society averages some eight hundred 
members and includes in its membership leading 
physical educators. 

Contemporary Physical Education Movements. 
Groups of organizations unite together to promote 
interest in distinct forms of physical education. One 
of the most active and progressive of these is the 
North American Turner Bund made up in its member- 
ship largely of German-Americans. These organiza- 
tions exist in most of the middle and large sized cities 
in America. They teach largely a modified form of 
the German system of physical training originated 
by Jahn, Guttsmuth and others. To these socie- 



176 PHYSICAL WORK 

ties America owes much for the pioneer work they 
have done and for the interest they have developed. 
Lieber, Beck and Follen, German refugees, educators 
and patriots, were the first in this country to establish 
physical education and for many years, up to the time 
when physical training became popular in America, 
the Turner organizations, outgrowths of their early 
work, were the most progressive and most extensive 
and today they have a large constituency. They 
have a normal school of physical education and have 
trained many physical directors who today are direct- 
ing physical work in schools and on playgrounds. 

In fact, this movement has been a most effective 
pioneer in physical education in the public schools. 
The great Turner Feats are wonderful exhibitions of 
skill in physical exhibition, and of cooperation among 
the various local Turner organizations. The Associa- 
tions should bear friendly relations to these agencies 
and cooperate in every practicable way. 

In some cities Swedish societies also exist, which 
promote the Swedish system of physical education as 
originally developed by Ling. These, however, are 
not so numerous as the Turner organizations, though 
Swedish gymnastics occupy a very large part of the 
program of physical education in educational insti- 
tutions, particularly in work for girls and women. 

Athletic Administrative Bodies. Two organizations 
stand out very prominently in the United States — 
namely, the Amateur Athletic Union of the United 
States and the National Intercollegiate Athletic 
Association. The former has jurisdiction over track 
and field sports, basket ball and swimming, gymnas- 
tics, wrestling and boxing, and, through its alliance 



KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL 177 

with other bodies, of skating, fencing and cycling. 
This organization is the legislative body of America 
in athletics, frames the practical rules which conduct 
the practise of athletic events and promotes national 
and sectional athletic championships, both indoor and 
outdoor. This body alone claims the official right to 
reinstate athletes for violations of the amateur laws, 
and to recognize American records as official. 

All individuals who desire to compete in athletic 
meets under its auspices or sanction must register, for 
which they pay twenty-five cents annually. Such 
registered athletes can compete only with other ath- 
letes similarly registered. Membership in the Ama- 
teur Athletic Union is $7.50 per year, and is open 
to all amateur athletic organizations. To those or- 
ganizations not members of the Amateur Athletic 
Union, which desire to hold athletic meets in which 
registered athletes can compete, a charge of $10.00 
for sanction is made. 

The Amateur Athletic Union has been a very strong 
factor in standardizing and regulating sport in the 
United States, and for many years the Athletic League 
of North America was an allied member. Some 
individual Associations still retain membership in 
this body. Every physical director should be ac- 
quainted with this agency and understand its method 
of work. In Canada the Amateur Athletic Union 
of Canada is a similar body, but membership is more 
representative. What are considered as allied mem- 
bers in the United States are active members in the 
Canadian governing body, in other words groups of 
organizations join as leagues; such leagues, however, 
have complete control over their own sports. 
12 



178 PHYSICAL WORK 

The National Intercollegiate Athletic Association is 
an organization which has coordinated the majority 
of the colleges in an athletic program. While it recog- 
nizes the autonomy of local colleges, it has through 
its committees promoted official foot ball rules and 
amateur standards. It is to the colleges what the 
Amateur Athletic Union is to athletic clubs, though 
in a more democratic sense. 

The Athletic Research Society is an organization made 
up of unofficial representatives of different institu- 
tions — educational, social and religious — which is 
making scientific studies in athletics. As a result of 
the study of athletic administrative problems this 
society created a National Athletic Federated Com- 
mittee, which, as its name implies, is a federation of 
most of the national organizations in the United 
States which promote athletics. In this committee 
are represented the colleges, Young Men's Christian 
Associations, Turners, public schools, settlements, 
playgrounds, Sunday Schools, boys' clubs; in fact, 
thirteen different agencies dealing with the playlife 
of the youth of the country. This committee stands 
for a cooperative movement in athletics among repre- 
sentative institutions for promoting ideals in athletics, 
making athletics yield the largest possible character 
results. Its methods are considerably different than 
the method of the Amateur Athletic Union. The 
Federated Committee works through groups of in- 
stitutions rather than through individuals. It holds 
the institution back of the athlete responsible for 
maintaining the amateur law, rather than the athlete 
himself. Hence it places the responsibility on the 
local organization rather than upon the national gov- 
erning body. 



KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL 1 79 

The National Playground and Recreation Association 
is another organization of importance. This asso- 
ciation is the clearing house for all information and 
methods in playground development. It has a corps 
of field workers who make surveys, hold institutes 
and promote the organization of playgrounds. In 
an endeavor to promote local playgrounds the Asso- 
ciation works with and through this agency. 



XX 

CONCLUSION 

In this concluding statement an attempt is made 
to trace the rise and growth of technical phys- 
ical education in this country and the Association's 
relation thereto and influence thereon. Physical 
training was introduced into America by three German 
refugees, university professors — namely, Lieber, Fol- 
len and Beck — in 1825. With ideas of personal 
liberty and democracy too liberal for their native coun- 
try at that time, they came to America. In physical 
education they stood for the fundamental principle 
that the training of the body was essential to the 
training of the mind. They established their gymna- 
siums and worked out their systems, but made little 
headway. 

For a period of years following, at least three types 
of physical education were urged upon America. 
Those who favored the German system, others who 
believed in the Swedish system, and still others who 
believed in the military type of physical training, 
were all active in the promotion of their propaganda, 
all of which had merit and each of which helped to 
modify the type later developed as well as to modify 
each other. Great followings were developed for 
each. 

None of these systems, as such, seemed to have the 
peculiar elements necessary to make them popular 
among Americans to the extent that either became the 



CONCLUSION l8l 

dominant system of physical training. They seemed 
to lack most perhaps the unique psychologic element 
needed to make them typically American. 

Thus it remained for an American to rise to the 
occasion and originate a type of physical training that 
would appeal more largely to the American tempera- 
ment and meet American conditions. This propaga- 
tor of the new faith was Dr. Diocletian Lewis, who 
appeared upon the scene in Boston in i860. 

Dio Lewis taught what he called the "new gymnas- 
tics' ' and published a book upon the subject. He is 
credited by some with having invented the light 
wooden dumbbell and he greatly changed the methods 
for teaching calisthenics, introducing movements 
which were quick in action, light in force and involv- 
ing mostly the large and fundamental muscles of the 
trunk and legs. He emphasized those types of exer- 
cise which made for health rather than those which 
developed skill or expertness. He particularly urged 
upon educators the establishment of his method in the 
public schools, and frequently appeared before them 
demonstrating his methods and urging his principles. 

He was not a scientific man, but Dr. E. L. Hitchcock 
of Amherst College was a pupil of his and later intro- 
duced his methods in Amherst. Here they were 
improved upon, made scientific, and later adopted by 
other colleges and universities; thus they became the 
forerunner of physical training in educational insti- 
tutions. 

Lewis' work greatly influenced Robert J. Roberts 
of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association, 
who adopted his ideas and added to them, giving more 
emphasis to work for the "middle third" of the body 



1 82 PHYSICAL WORK 

or in other words, the fundamental muscles. He 
introduced informality in the gymnasium, placing 
spots on the floor so men could line up in place with- 
out much preliminary delay. Roberts coined the 
expression as was stated in the opening chapter that 
exercises should be short, safe, easy, pleasing and 
beneficial. He completely modified the method of 
using heavy apparatus, placing the chief dosage on the 
legs instead of the arms, thus enhancing the hygienic 
value. He introduced the psychologic element, and 
work w^as made attractively interesting. Business 
men found the work magnetic and began to come 
to the Association in great numbers. 

Contemporaneous with Roberts we find in the 
colleges Hitchcock, Sargent and Hartwell, making 
scientific Lewis' plan in the colleges. Dr. Gulick 
then followed Roberts in the Association work and 
made his work scientific. Then came the Training 
Schools, which began to turn out men which Asso- 
ciations and colleges alike eagerly used for the direc- 
tion of their work. 

A new American type of physical training had been 
devised. The Association first a small factor in 
physical education now became a large factor, for its 
men were giving ideals to educational institutions 
which heretofore had followed old world methods. 
Many of the early physical directors in the Young 
Men's Christian Association, however, came from 
Turner organizations and gave the Association its 
first experience. That is why we find the work even 
to the present partaking largely of this type of work. 
The graded gymnastic work, the days' order, follow 
these lines pretty closely still, but very radical depart- 



CONCLUSION 183 

ures were made in the calisthenic, athletic and hygienic 
types of work. 

The Association not only accepted the idea of the 
relation of mind and body, but also added the idea of 
the relation of body, mind and soul, and the adoption 
of the triangle as its emblem was a triumph in the 
practical development of the principle of the unity 
of man. Thus through physical education the 
Young Men's Christian Association has made a very 
definite and concrete and original contribution to 
religious education in America. In the early sixties 
it was, for illustration, the only religious organization 
in New York City that had a gymnasium. Today 
that city has scores of religious agencies that have 
physical training features. The church, in fact, that 
has not is now becoming the exception. 

Thus the Association not only contributed to 
physical education in general, but to religious educa- 
tion as well. In the former it took a large place in 
leadership and in the latter complete leadership. 

The next development was in the realm of social 
service. When the Association was at its height 
in community athletics, the playground movement 
in organized form was born, and being a pioneer in 
this field the Association was a mighty factor in pro- 
moting these agencies, cooperating unselfishly with 
the Playground Association. Undoubtedly the senti- 
ment created by the Association and the number of 
men trained, is a large factor in the present attitude 
which prevails in favor of character making through 
play. 

The play movement was only indicative of a wider 
interest in social service and social awakening, and 



1 84 PHYSICAL WORK 

because the Association was ready and active it be- 
came a large factor in social service of all kinds. The 
development of industrial welfare work, with its em- 
phasis upon health and hygiene, rural reconstruction 
with its play picnics and need for health organization, 
all brought to the Association vast opportunity for 
service which it has in so many instances bravely and 
sanely entered. Service in Panama, in construction 
camps, in army and navy, demanded specialization 
in physical work, as well as a broad policy in non- 
technical physical expression, which the Association 
quickly saw and modified its plan accordingly. 

Its message of physical evangelism has been carried 
everywhere and adapted to all kinds of needs and 
conditions. Last, but not least came the call from 
foreign lands. Association work had made great 
progress in other countries. Gradually it was recog- 
nized that the four-fold gospel was needed, yes de- 
manded, by those lands which hitherto had given little 
respect to physical needs. The call came for this 
form of ministry. 

Today Association physical training is transforming 
the social life of China. An Association physical 
director promoted the first gymnastic exhibition and 
the first great national games. American sports are 
being nationalized. The Association promoted the 
first Far Eastern Olympic Games, introduced physical 
training in the schools in the Philippines, established 
physical education in the largest University in India. 
Korea plays American games under Association direc- 
tion. At Montevideo the Association is helping work 
out the beginnings of a national program of physical 
education. Thus the world call is coming to the 



CONCLUSION 185 

Young Men's Christian Association in physical train- 
ing. Opportunities are opening in foreign lands faster 
than the Young Men's Christian Association can enter 
them. 

All these developments at home and abroad have 
made large demands upon the physical director. In 
the early days gymnastic ability was the first and chief 
requisite; later when the work became scientific, 
technical and scientific training was essential ; then as 
play and physical training became socialized, social 
training and experience were essential. The modern 
physical director requires the qualities of a natural 
leader, a skilled body, a scientific mind, an executive 
and promoter, and must have social vision. He must 
be a public hygienist, have the spirit of scientific 
altruism and be a religious educator. 

Naturally many men who entered in the early days 
with simply the talents which fitted for the work of 
those days, but who were unequal to the later de- 
mands, dropped by the wayside. The pace was too 
fast. The demands too great. Others who have 
grown have found in the physical work a large, a 
comprehensive life vocation. Those now in the work 
as they reach out and extend their influence and re- 
late the Association to the problems of men and boys, 
individual and social, will continue to make their call- 
ing more permanent, more wide, more useful. 

Each physical director, realizing the many demands 
for training men and men of ability in this calling, 
will constantly give vision to young men of potential 
ability, will train them and thrust them into this 
great harvest field of service, thus making their own 
influence immortal and having a share in building up 
the Kingdom of God through physical education. 



GRADED READING COURSE FOR PHYSICAL 
DIRECTORS 

Elementary 

Bibliography of Physical Training — J. H. McCurdy $3.00 

H. T. Bridges 1.00 

Gymnastic Nomenclature — Physical Directors' Society .... 1 . 00 

Technical 

(a) Calisthenics 

Classified Exercises — A. K. Jones 95 

Graded Calisthenics — A. B. Wegener 10 

Hygienic Dumb Bell Drill— J. H. McCurdy 10 

Indian Club Swinging — A. K. Jones 65 

Barnjum's Barbell Drill — McKenzie 10 

(b) Gymnastics 

Gymnastics — Jenkins 60 

Light Gymnastics — Anderson 1 . 50 

Best Methods of Teaching Gymnastics — Anderson. ... 1 .25 
Graded Gymnastics — Physical Directors' Society 1 . 50 

(c) Marching 

Marching for Gymnasium Use — A. T. Halstead 10 

Manual of Marching — E. Berry and G. Cornell 25 

(d) Games 

Indoor and Outdoor Games — A. M. Chesley 10 

Games for School, Home and Playground, — Jessie Ban- 
croft 1 . 50 

(e) Special 

Boom Stall Bar Exercises — Nissen 30 

Tumbling — Gwatheney 10 

A Manual on Wrestling — W. W. Hastings & W. E. 

Cann 1-75 

Pyramids — J. Reinhardt 

Part 1 : 80 Pyramids on one Parallel Bar 70 

" II: 50 " " two " Bars 55 

" V: 100 Free Pyramids 85 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 87 

Pyramids on Horses — A. Rietmann 

First Part : 60 Pyramids on 1 and 2 Horses 70 

50 Pyramids on 1 and 2 Ladders 1 . 00 

Art of Swimming — Nelligan 60 

At Home in the Water — George H. Corsan 75 

(f) Athletics 

A. L. N. A. Handbook — Spalding Library 10 

A. A. U. Rules " " 10 

Basket Ball Rules " " 10 

Foot Ball Rules " " 10 

Athletic Primer — J. E. Sullivan " 10 

Hand Ball Rules " 10 

Volley Ball — Physical Directors Society in A. L. N. A. 

Handbook 10 

Practical Track and Field Athletics — Graham and 

Clark 1 . 00 

Training — McLaren 45 

Handbook Sunday School Athletic League 10 

(g) Massage 

Massage — Ostrum 1 .00 

Mechano-therapy — Mitchell — Gulick 3. 00 

Philosophical 

Physical Education by Muscular Exercise — Gulick 75 

Physical Education — Treves 75 

The Coming City — Ely 60 

Physical Diagnosis and Measurements 

Anthropometry — J. W. Seaver 1 .45 

Manual for Physical Measurements — Hastings 2 .00 

Physical Diagnosis — Cabot 3.00 

Anatomy and Physiology 

Anatomy — Henry Gray 6.25 

Handbook of Physiology — Kirkes 3 . 00 

Human Body (Advanced Course) Martin 2 . 50 

First Aid and Medical Gymnastics 

Immediate Care of the Injured — A. S. Morrow 2.50 

The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 2.00 

Handbook of Medical Gymnastics — Dr. Anders Wide 3 . 00 

Personal Hygiene 

The Efficient Life— Dr. L. H. Gulick 1 . 20 

Making Life Worth While — Herbert Fisher 1.25 



1 88 PHYSICAL WORK 

Good Health — Jewett 40 

Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Dr. W. S. Hall. . . .90 

Health, Strength and Power — Sargent 1 . 75 

General 

History of the North American Young Men's Christian 

Associations — Morse 1 .00 

Life of Sir Geo. Williams 60 

Life of Robert McBurney 1 . 00 

Physical Directorship 

The Physical Directorship of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association — W. S. Hall 10 

Physical Training as a Profession — McCurdy 05 

Societies and Journals 

Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association of North America including Physical 
Training 2 . 50 

Advanced 
Biological 

Growth and Education — John M. Tyler $1.50 

The Child; a Study in the Evolution of Man — Cham- 
berlain 1 . 50 

Man and Woman — Havelock Ellis 1 . 50 

Eugenics 

Parenthood and Race Culture — C. W. Saleeby 2 . 50 

Heredity — Thomson 3 . 50 

Heredity in Relation to Eugenics — Davenport 2 . 00 

Social Direction of Human Evolution — Kellicott 1 . 50 

Technical 

Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics — Baron 

Nils Posse 3 . 00 

Text -book of German- American Gymnastics — Wm. 

Stecher 3 . 00 

Ling's System of Manual Treatment — Dr. A. Kellgrem 1 . 00 

Progressive Gymnastic Days Orders — Enebuske 75 

Public School Athletic League Official Handbook — 

Spalding Library 10 

Physiological 

Studies in Physiological Chemistry — Chittenden 4 . 00 

The Growth of the Grain — Donaldson 1 . 50 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 89 

Psychological . 

Adolescence 2 vols. — G. Stanley Hall 7-50 

Outlines of Physiological Psychology — Ladd 2 . 00 

Psychology — James (Advanced) 2 vols 5 . 00 

Brain and Personality — W. Hanna Thomson 1.20 

Psychology of the Emotions — Ribot 1 . 50 

Personal Hygiene 

The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 2.40 

Rational Living — King 60 

Manual of Personal Hygiene — Pyle 1 .50 

Sociological 

Relations of Social Diseases with Marriage and Their 

Prophylaxis — P. A. Morrow 25 

Christianity and the Sex Problem — Northcote 2 . 00 

Christianity and the Social Crisis — RauscHenbusch ... .60 

Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy — Lee 1 . 00 

Town and City — Jewett 50 

The Bitter Cry of the Children — John Spargo 1 . 50 

On the Trail of the Immigrant — Steiner 1 . 50 

The New Basis of Civilization — Patten 1 .00 

Social Elements — Henderson 1 . 50 

The Criminal — Havelock Ellis 1 . 50 

U. S. Mortality and Vitality Statistics Free 

State and Local Board of Health Reports Free 

General 

Physiological Economy in Nutrition — Chittenden .... 3 . 00 

Diet and Food — Haig 1 . 00 

Purin Bodies of Food Stuffs — Hall 1 . 50 

Blood and Blood Pressure — Oliver 3 .00 

Clinical Study of Blood Pressure — Janeway 3-00 

Physiology of Bodily Exercise — Lagrange 1-75 

Articles on Exercise and the Pulse Rate in the Ameri- 
can Physical Education Review by W. P. Bowen, 

Vol. 8 1 . 50 

Fatigue — Angelo Mosso 1-5° 

Play 

Play of Animals — Karl Groos 1-75 

Play of Man — Karl Groos 1 . 5° 



190 PHYSICAL WORK 

Societies and Periodicals 

American Physical Education Association and the 

A merican Physical Education Review 3 . 00 

American Association for the Advancement of Science 

and the weekly periodical Science 5 • 00 

A merican Youth 1 . 00 

Popular Science Monthly 3 . 00 

A ssociation Seminar 1 . 00 

Survey 2 . 00 

Physical Training 1 . 50 

Association Men 1 . 00 

Mind and Body 1 . 00 



SUGGESTED LIST OF BOOKS FOR THE PHYSICAL 

DIRECTOR 

Accidents and Emergencies 

Barton, First Aid Text Book $1 . 00 

Complete Handbook for the Hospital Corps of the U. S. 

Army and Navy and State Military Forces 4 . 00 

Davis, Principles and Practice of Bandaging 1 . 00 

Dulles, Accidents and Emergencies 1 .00 

First Aid to the Injured, by a Medical Officer 20 

Kellogg, Art of Massage 2.25 

Gulick, Emergencies 50 

Lynch, American National Red Cross Book 1 .00 

Moody, Backwoods Surgery and Medicine 70 

Morrow, Immediate Care of the Injured 2 . 50 

Pilcher, First Aid in Illness and Injury (recommended by 

Red Cross as a text-book) 2 . 00 

Whitelock, Sprains 3 . 00 

Anthropometry 

Hastings, Physical Measurements, Boys and Girls $2.00 

Morehouse, Statistical Methods 25 

Seaver, Anthropometry 1 . 50 

Whipple, Manual of Mental and Physical Tests 2.50 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 



Aquatics 

Beard, Boat Building and Boating $1 .00 

Brewster, Swimming 1 . 00 

Corsan, At Home in the Water 75 

How to Swim — Dalton 125 

Harper's Boating Book for Boys 1 . 75 

Nelligan, Art of Swimming . 65 

M orton, Navigation for the Amateur 70 

Athletics, Baseball, Football 

Athletic Almanac $0.10 

Burchenal, Official, Handbook Girls' Branch Public School 

Athletic League 10 

Camp, Football 2 . 00 

Clark, Practical Track and Field Athletics 1 . 00 

Clark, Reminiscences of an Athlete 1-25 

Claudy, Battle of Baseball 1 . 50 

Davis, Football 2 . 50 

Faries, Practical Training for Athletics 1 . 00 

Jones, Track Athletics, 10 vols, each 35 

Mathewson, Pitching in a Pinch 1 .00 

Spalding, America's National Game 2 . 00 

Track Athletics in Detail 1 . 50 

Calisthenics, Light Apparatus, Tactics 

Arnold, Gymnastics and Tactics $0.35 

Bancroft, School Gymnastics, Free Hand 1 . 50 

Bancroft, School Gymnastics, Light Apparatus 1 . 75 

Berry, Manual of Marching 25 

Bowen, Teaching of Elementary School Gymnastics 1 . 00 

Corbett and Jenkins, Indian Clubs 50 

Drill Regulations of the U. S. Army, Infantry 45 

Garson, Remedial Gymnastics for Heart Affections 2 . 00 

McCurdy, Hygienic Dumb Bell Drill 10 

Nissen, A. B. C. of Educational Gymnastics 75 

Posse, Special Kinesiology 3 . 00 

Roberts, Home Dumb Bell Drill 10 

Schatz, Club Swinging 1 . 00 



192 PHYSICAL WORK 

Skarstrom, Gymnastic Kinesiology 1-25 

Stecher, Handbook of Lessons in Physical Training and 

Games Part I, II, each .35; Part III 50 

Camping, Scouting, Etc. 

Boy Scouts, Handbook $0 . 30 

Breck, the Way of the Woods 1-75 

Buzzacott, Complete Camper's Manual 1 .00 

Camp Fire Girls, Handbook 25 

Gibson, Camping for Boys 1 .00 

Harper's Camping and Scouting Book for Boys (and Girls) 1 . 75 

Kephart, Camp Cookery 70 

Lockwine, Camping 1 . 00 

Wallace, Packing and Portaging 70 

Wells, Outdoor Signalling 70 

Dancing 

Bergquist, Swedish Folk Dances $1 . 50 

Brower, Morris Dance 1 . 00 

Burchenal, Folk Dances and Singing Games 1 . 50 

Burchenal, Dances of the People, paper $1.50 cloth 2 . 50 

Caskey, Athletic Pageant, Athletic Jubilee, each 50 

Crampton, Folk Dance Book 1 . 50 

Crawford, Folk Dances and Games 1 . 50 

Davison, Gymnastic Dancing 1 . 00 

Folk and School Dances, compiler N. A. G. U 35 

Gilbert, School Dances 1 . 00 

Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. I, Solo 1 .50 

Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. II, Group 1 .00 

Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. Ill, Ring (Descrip- 
tions) 1 . 00 

Hofer, Popular Folk Games and Dances 75 

Lincoln, The Festival Book 1 . 50 

Games and Plays 

Angell, Play $1 . 50 

Arnold, Gymnastic Games 75 

Bancroft, Games for the Playground 1 . 50 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 

Bremner, Book of Song Games and Ball Games 1.25 

Chubb, Festivals and Play 2 . 00 

Dier, Book of Winter Sports 1 . 50 

Grey, Two Hundred Indoor and Outdoor Games 75 

Lucas, Three Hundred Games and Pastimes 2 . 00 

Johnson, Education by Plays and Games 90 

Johnson, What to Do at Recess 25 

Leland, Playground Technique and Playcraft 2 . 00 

Mero, American Playgrounds 2 . 00 

Newton, Graded Games and Rhythmic Exercises for Pri- 
mary Schools — Pitman 1.25 

Parsons, Plays and Games — Barnes 1 . 50 

Public Recreation Facilities (28 papers) 1 . 50 

Stecher, Games and Dances 1.25 

Heavy Apparatus, Fencing and Wrestling 

Cann and Hastings, Wrestling $1-75 

Jones, Classified Gymnasium Exercises, System of R. J. 

Roberts 1 . 00 

Puritz Code Book 55 

Rondelle, Foil and Sabre 3 . 50 

Stecher, Text Book of German American Gymnastics 3 . 00 

History 

Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals $2 . 50 

Leonard, Pioneers of Modern Physical Training 75 

Hygiene, Personal 

Bryce, Laws of Life and Health $2 . 00 

Chamberlain, Prevention of Disease and Preservation of 

Health 2 . 00 

Davis, Food in Health and Disease 3 . 50 

Fisher, Making Life Worth While 1 . 20 

Galbraith, Personal Hygiene and Physical Training for 

Women 2 . 00 

Gulick, Efficient Life 1 . 20 

Lorand, Old Age Deferred 2 . 50 

Mosher, Health and Happiness, — A Message to Girls 1 .00 

13 



194 PHYSICAL WORK 

Pyle, Manual of Personal Hygiene i . 50 

Smith, What to Eat and Why 2 . 50 

Woodworth, The Care of the Body 1 . 50 

Hygiene, Public 

Ayres, Open Air Schools $1 . 20 

Bergey, Principles of Hygiene 3 . 00 

Carrington, Fresh Air and How to Use It 1 . 00 

Cornell, Health and Medical Inspection of School Children 3 . 00 

Davenport, Eugenics 50 

Fisher, National Vitality — paper 15 

Gulick and Ayres, Medical Inspection of Schools 1 .00 

Harrington, Manual of Practical Hygiene 4-50 

Kelynack, Medical Examination of Schools and Scholars . . 4 . 20 

Oliver, Diseases of Occupation 3 . 00 

Olsen, Pure Foods, Their Adulteration, Nutritive Value and 

Cost 80 

Parks, Practical Hygiene 3 . 50 

Perry, Wider Use of the School Plant 1 .25 

Wiley, Foods and Their Adulteration 4 . 00 

Hygiene, Sex 

Galbraith, Four Epochs of Woman's Life $1 . 50 

Hall, From Youth into Manhood 50 

Lowry, Confidences, Talks with a Young Girl 50 

Lowry, Herself, Talks with Women 1 . 00 

Lowry, Himself, Talks with Men 1 . 00 

Lowry, Truths, Talks with a Boy 50 

Malchon, Sexual Life (Technical) 3 . 00 

Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child 1 .75 

Sex Education Series, (Association Press), each 25 

Zenner, Education in Sexual Physiology and Hygiene 1 . 00 

Physiology 

Brubaker, Textbook of Human Physiology $3.00 

Bryce, Modern Theories of Diet and Their Bearing on Prac- 
tical Athletics 2 . 10 

Cowing, Blood Pressure Technique Simplified 1 .00 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 95 

Dearborn, Textbook of Human Physiology 3 . 75 

Halliburton, Handbook of Physiology (Kirkes) 3 . 00 

Hemmeter, Manual of Practical Physiology 2 . 50 

Howell, Textbook of Physiology 4 . 00 

Hutchinson, Food and Dietetics 3 . 00 

Lovett, Lateral Curvature of the Spine 1.75 

McKenzie, Exercise in Education and Medicine 3 . 50 

Sherman, Chemistry of Food and Nutrition 1 . 50 

Stiles, Nutritional Physiology 1.25 

Wilder, History of the Human Body 3 . 00 

Psychology 

James, Psychology: Briefer Course $1 . 50 

James, Principles of Psychology, 2 vols 5 . 00 

Ladd and Woodworth, Elements of Physiological Psychology 4 . 00 
Pyle, Outlines of Educational Psychology 1 .25 

Child Life 

Claparede The Psychology of the Child and Experimental 

Pedagogy $1 .40 

Dearborn, Moto-Sensory Development 1 . 50 

Forsyth, Children in Health and Disease 3 . 00 

Major, First Steps in Mental Growth 1 .25 

Preyer, The Development of the Intellect 1 . 50 

Preyer, The Senses and the Will 1 . 50 

Tyler, Growth and Education 1 . 50 



INDEX 

Advertising: page 

Association Press poster 80 

bulletin board 81 

general Association prospectus 78 

newspapers 79 

reports and statements 82 

sale of special privileges 82-3 

special prospectus or circular 78-9 

window posters 79 

Agencies of cooperation: 

educational 171-2 

legislative 172-3 

miscellaneous I73~4 

Amateur Athletic Union 164, 176-7 

American Federation of Sex Education 172 

American Humane Society 173 

American Physical Education Association 175 

American National Red Cross Society 117, 118, 171 

American Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophalaxis 172 

American Vigilance Association 172 

Athletic administrative bodies 176 

Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of North America 6, 103, 164-6 

alliance with Amateur Athletic Union 164 

athletic platform 165 

Athletic League Handbook 103, 135 

Athletic Research Society 178 

Boards of Health, local and state 172 

Charity Organizations 173 

Chicago Institute and Training School 5 

Christian leadership 3 

Class organization: 

practical and theoretical work schedule 95 

boxing 99 

corrective work 97, 89-90 

preparation for civil service 98 

supervision 96 



198 INDEX 

Class organization — Continued. page 

syllabus of physical work 92-3 

the younger boy 89-90 

Educational work: 115-121 

first aid to the injured 117 

lecture topics 121 

sex hygiene 1 19-21 

Extension work: 

community work 132 

cooperation I35ff, 155 

essentials to success 139 

Public School Athletic League 135 

Sunday School Athletic League 136 

miscellaneous 138 

Gulick, Dr. Luther H 4, 5 

Hastings, Dr. W. W 5 

Health Education League 171 

Health League, International: 

campaigns 8 

literature etc 156 

membership 8 

National Life Saving Organization 9 

Hitchcock, Dr. E. L 181 

International Training School 5 

Juvenile Courts 174 

Lake Geneva Institute and Training School 5 

Lewis, Dr. Diocletian 181 

McBurney, Robert 2 

Medical examinations and staff 84-8 

sample history and examination blanks 88 

National Health League 1 16-17 

National Life Saving Organization 9 

National Intercollegiate Athletic Association 176, 178 

National organizations I75~9 

National Playground and Recreation Association i73 - 4> J 79 

North American Turner Bund 175 

Omaha Conference of Physical Directors 90-2 

Physical Department: 
business methods: 

budget, how made and used 54~7 



INDEX 199 

Physical Department — Continued. page 

class detail 63-9 

correspondence 60-1 

good housekeeping 72 

International Committee record book 60 

janitors 72-3 

locker records 69-70 

membership record 57 - 8 

non-spilling cuspidors 74 

renting of towels 72 

repairs 73-5 

sale of clothing and supplies 70-2 

sanitary fountains 74-5 

sterilizing room 75 

equipment: 

dressing rooms 34-7 

flooring 35 

gymnasium 38-40 

lockers 34 

point of control 34 

exhibitions and entertainments 107-14 

first mentioned in Association work 1 

first volunteer leaders' class 5-6 

membership 6 

organization: 

gymnasium committee 42-4 

leaders' corps or clubs 44 - 8 

other clubs and committees 48-52 

physical department committee 41-2 

sample record forms: 

annual budget tabulation 55 

application membership card 58 

enrollment card 65 

gymnasium schedule 68-9 

leader's instruction card 65 

record of statistics 61-2 

registration card for graded classes 68 

schedule for young men's class 67 

Physical Director: 

beginning in a new field 28-9 



200 INDEX 

Phyrical Director — Continued. page 

code of ethics 30 

personal character and motive 31 

relationships 3i~3 

development, mental and spiritual 16-17 

system of training 17 

engaging assistants and special instructors 62-3 

qualifications demanded 9, 12-14 

relationships of physical director to 

association finances 25-6 

church and other organizations 27-8 

general secretary 24 

other departments 25 

personal associates 27 

physical welfare movement 27 

resignation and application 29-30 

system of training 

committee work 22 

conferences and conventions 18 

public speaking 21 

reading 17 

research work 22 

summer schools 19 

study of the field 141-9 

Physical Directors' Society: 

organized 6 

Physical Training 7, 162 

Omaha Conference 90-2 

Physical Education: 

German system 180 

introduced into America 180 

Physical Training 7, 45 

Physical training in rural communities: 

Association physical work 184 

county school athletic league 155 

Rural Manhood 155 

rural recreation director 160 

surveys. . . 156-8 

Poole, Dr. George F 4 

Preparatory courses for instructors 14-16 



INDEX 201 

PAGE 

Recreation and athletic competition ioo 

conduct of athletic meets 104-6 

Religious work 96, 122 

Roberts, Robert J 3, 181-2 

Rural Manhood 155 

Scientific Temperance Federation 171 

Society of Social Hygiene 172 

Society for the suppression of Vice 173 

Smith, J. Gardner, M.D 6 

Summer work: 

program of activities 130 

Sunday School Athletic League 8 

Tuberculosis Societies 173 

U.S. Government Experiment Stations 172 

U.S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps 174 

Volunteer leaders' class 5 

Williams, Sir, George I 

Young Men's Christian Association: 

field 7 

first Association in America 1 

first International secretary of physical work ■ 5 

Twenty-third St. Branch N.Y , 2 

Y.M.C.A. organizations — general: 

Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of Canada 167 

Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of North America 6, 164-66 

Employed Officers Conference 161-2 

General Secretaries Insurance Alliance 163-4 

Physical Directors' Society 6, 90-2, 162-3, 164 

Physical Training 7, 162 

State and International Committees 167-70 



ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT 



GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE Cloth $1.00 

Fourth Edition Revised Illustrated 
Officially adopted by the Physical Directors' Society of 
the Young Men's Christian Association. 

GRADED GYMNASIUM EXERCISES 

Cards per box $1.50 

Prepared by a Committee under the direction of the 
Physical Directors' Society of the Y. M. C. A. and 
adopted by the Society, June, 191 1. 

GYMNASTIC DANCING Cloth $1.00 

W. J. Davison 

Rythmic exercises for classes of men and boys. Illus» 
trated with half-tones and diagrams. Adopted by the 
Physical Directors' Society of the Y. M. C. A. 

AT HOME IN THE WATER Cloth .75 

G. H. Corsan 

Charles M. Daniels, champion swimmer, writes in The 
Playground: "Mr. Corsan's book stands with the best (of 
which there are few) as a most complete work." 

CAMPING FOR BOYS Canvas $1.00 

H. W. Gibson 
"A most comprehensive and practical little volume, 
covering the subject from every point of view." — Book- 
seller, Newsdealer and Stationer. 

AROUND THE FIRE Library Buckram .75 

H. M. Burr 
"A distinct contribution to the material of value as 
literature to boys and girls of the adolescent period." 
Wm. Orr, Secretary, Mass. State Board of Education, 

POEMS OF ACTION Cloth .75 

David R. Porter 

Lyrics of strength and beauty — the best shorter poems 
in the English language. 



YOUR NEAREST BOOKSELLER WILL SUPPLY YOU 

ASSOCIATION PRESS 

New York: 124 East 28th St. London: 47 Paternoster Row, E. C. 



APPROVED AS EFFICIENT 

BOY TRAINING Cloth .75 

John L. Alexander, Editor. Int*l S. S. Ass'n 

This book is written by a group of experts having in mind 
the subject's all-round development. The problem of boyhood 
is clearly set forth and the principles of adolescence and 
physiological grouping are fully discussed. 

FROM YOUTH INTO MANHOOD Cloth .50 

Winfield S. Hall 

The standard book on sexual hygiene, far boys eleven to 
fifteen years old. Every adolescent boy, his teachers, par- 
ents and friends need a copy of this book. 

SEX EDUCATION SERIES 

LIFE'S BEGINNINGS Cloth .25 

Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Northwestern University 

Explanations that enable boys from ten to fourteen to 
strive intelligently for wholesome manhood. 

DEVELOPING INTO MANHOOD Boards .25 

Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Northwestern University 

This book is designed to answer intelligently and authori- 
tatively the questions which occur to every boy during the 
period of adolescence. Teachers will find it especially help- 
ful in outlining a mo*e extended and detailed course in Eu- 
genics. 

SOCIAL EVIL AND METHODS of TREATMENT Boards .25 
Orrin G. Cocks, B.D., Sec'y Laity League for Soc'l Service 

A basis for discussion in groups of laymen. 

ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE Board* .25 

Orrin G. Cocks, B.D., Sec'y Laity League for Soc'l Service 

The consideration of marriage as definitely related to social 
and economic conditions. A straightforward discussion of 
all that it involves. 

YOUR NEAREST BOOKSELLER WILL SUPPLY YOU 

ASSOCIATION PRESS 

New York: 124 East 28tn Street. London: 47 Paternoater Row, E.C. 



L 12 1913 






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